{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:04:32Z","timestamp":1785542672230,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa through the Thuthuka funding programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["121888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Johannesburg","award":["121888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121888"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyanide is a poisonous and dangerous chemical that binds to metals in metalloenzymes, especially cytochrome C oxidase and, thus, interferes with their functionalities. Different pathways and enzymes are involved during cyanide biodegradation, and cyanide hydratase is one of the enzymes that is involved in such a process. In this study, cyanide resistance and cyanide degradation were studied using 24 fungal strains in order to find the strain with the best capacity for cyanide bioremediation. To confirm the capacity of the tested strains, cyano-bioremediation and the presence of the gene that is responsible for the cyanide detoxification was assessed. From the tested organisms, Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum) had a significant capability to resist and degrade cyanide at a 15 mM concentration, where it achieved an efficiency of 75% in 7 days. The gene network analysis of enzymes that are involved in cyanide degradation revealed the involvement of cyanide hydratase, dipeptidase, carbon\u2013nitrogen hydrolase-like protein, and ATP adenylyltransferase. This study revealed that T. harzianum was more efficient in degrading cyanide than the other tested fungal organisms, and molecular analysis confirmed the experimental observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T02:57:02Z","timestamp":1653274622000},"page":"3336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cyanide Biodegradation by Trichoderma harzianum and Cyanide Hydratase Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Narges","family":"Malmir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh km 15, Tehran-Karaj Highway, Tehran P.O. Box 14965\/161, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7165-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Zamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh km 15, Tehran-Karaj Highway, Tehran P.O. Box 14965\/161, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8134-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Motallebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh km 15, Tehran-Karaj Highway, Tehran P.O. Box 14965\/161, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7590-5179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najaf Allahyari","family":"Fard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh km 15, Tehran-Karaj Highway, Tehran P.O. Box 14965\/161, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3069-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukhanyo","family":"Mekuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.06.051","article-title":"Cyanide in industrial wastewaters and its removal: A review on biotreatment","volume":"163","author":"Dash","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. 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