{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:20:51Z","timestamp":1790698851731,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are disorders that affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems. To name a few causes, NDDs can be caused by ischemia, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cell stress, inflammation, abnormal protein deposition in neural tissue, autoimmune-mediated neuron loss, and viral or prion infections. These conditions include Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The formation of \u03b2-sheet-rich aggregates of intra- or extracellular proteins in the CNS hallmarks all neurodegenerative proteinopathies. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), numerous organs, including the central nervous system (CNS), are affected. However, the inflammatory process is linked to several neurodegenerative pathways that are linked to depression because of NDDs. Pro-inflammatory signals activated by aging may increase vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders. Viruses may increase macrophages and CCR5+ T cells within the CNS during dementia formation and progression. Unlike medical symptoms, which are just signs of a patient\u2019s health as expressed and perceived, biomarkers are reproducible and quantitative. Therefore, this current review will highlight and summarize the neurological disorders and their biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:25:12Z","timestamp":1653956712000},"page":"3516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Prospective Viewpoint on Neurological Diseases and Their Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Mehrukh","family":"Zehravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janisa","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rokeya","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumira","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9820-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghulam Md.","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0375-9165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priti","family":"Tagde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida 201301, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9277-2451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarker","family":"Ramproshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Ranada Prasad Shaha University, Narayanganj 1400, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banani","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Ranada Prasad Shaha University, Narayanganj 1400, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6099-5693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Habibur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurel George","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7810-8925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Cavalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170313122937","article-title":"The Infectious Etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Sochocka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. 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