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The ultraviolet\u2013visible (UV) spectra, Fourier transform infrared radiation (FT-IR) spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, zeta potential, surface characteristics, and conformational and thermal stability properties of PF40 were characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), combined with Congo red test, revealed that PF40 powder has mainly existed in amorphous form with triple-helix conformation. The single-molecular structure of PF40 exhibited a multi-branched structure extending from the center to the periphery by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) scanning. The monosaccharide residue of PF40 was an \u03b1-pyranoid ring and exhibits good stability below 168 \u00b0C. Experimental studies on antidiabetic characteristics found that PF40 could significantly improve STZ-induced intestinal mucosal damage and reduce the apoptosis of villus epithelial cells. PF40 combined with metformin could significantly improve the symptoms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats, the molecular mechanism might be through inhibiting the expression of ROR\u03b3 protein and increasing Foxp3 protein in the jejunum of T2DM rats, and then restoring the STZ-induced imbalance of T helper 17(Th17)\/ regulatory T cells (Treg) cells, thereby maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. Results identified in this study provided important information regarding the structure and antidiabetic characteristics of Pseudostellaria heterophylla polysaccharides, which can contribute to the development of Pseudostellaria heterophylla polysaccharides for industrial purposes in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27123719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T22:37:20Z","timestamp":1655073440000},"page":"3719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Physicochemical Characteristics and Antidiabetic Properties of the Polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7267-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingying","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2622-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjun","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materia, Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6799-5637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materia, Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materia, Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4747-7503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China"},{"name":"Institute of Materia, Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wensheng","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.01.015","article-title":"Natural products for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pharmacology and mechanisms","volume":"130","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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