{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:38:35Z","timestamp":1792805915118,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21761132021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21761132021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UFIQOSYC11\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UFIQOSYC11\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GVgrant IT1236-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GVgrant IT1236-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-109633GBC21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-109633GBC21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science","award":["21761132021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21761132021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cc3fy72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science","award":["UFIQOSYC11\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UFIQOSYC11\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cc3fy72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science","award":["GVgrant IT1236-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GVgrant IT1236-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cc3fy72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science","award":["PID2019-109633GBC21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-109633GBC21"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cc3fy72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU","award":["21761132021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21761132021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000xsnr85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU","award":["UFIQOSYC11\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UFIQOSYC11\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000xsnr85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU","award":["GVgrant IT1236-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GVgrant IT1236-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000xsnr85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU","award":["PID2019-109633GBC21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-109633GBC21"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000xsnr85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Basque Government","award":["21761132021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21761132021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pz2fp31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Basque Government","award":["UFIQOSYC11\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UFIQOSYC11\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pz2fp31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Basque Government","award":["GVgrant IT1236-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GVgrant IT1236-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pz2fp31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Basque Government","award":["PID2019-109633GBC21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-109633GBC21"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pz2fp31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["21761132021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21761132021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["UFIQOSYC11\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UFIQOSYC11\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["GVgrant IT1236-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GVgrant IT1236-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["PID2019-109633GBC21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-109633GBC21"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u03b3-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) represents one of the most prolific structural units widely used in the design of modern pharmaceuticals. For example, \u03b2-substituted GABA derivatives are found in numerous neurological drugs, such as baclofen, phenibut, tolibut, pregabalin, phenylpiracetam, brivaracetam, and rolipram, to mention just a few. In this review, we critically discuss the literature data reported on the preparation of substituted GABA derivatives using the Michael addition reaction as a key synthetic transformation. Special attention is paid to asymmetric methods featuring synthetically useful stereochemical outcomes and operational simplicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27123797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T22:00:38Z","timestamp":1655157638000},"page":"3797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Asymmetric Michael Addition in Synthesis of \u03b2-Substituted GABA Derivatives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3817-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianlin","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6756-0991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Escorihuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santos","family":"Fustero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aitor","family":"Landa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardiz\u00e1bal 3, 20018 San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vadim A.","family":"Soloshonok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardiz\u00e1bal 3, 20018 San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Sorochinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1 Murmanska Str., 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12045","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(99)00710-3","article-title":"Asymmetric synthesis of novel highly sterically constrained (2S, 3S)-3-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-and (2S, 3S, 4R)-3-trifluoromethyl-4-methylpyroglutamic acids","volume":"55","author":"Soloshonok","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17510","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202102485","article-title":"Tailor-Made Amino Acids in Pharmaceutical Industry: Synthetic Approaches to Aza-Tryptophan Derivatives","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113448","article-title":"Tailor-made amino acids in the design of small-molecule blockbuster drugs","volume":"220","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.2174\/1385272825666210610155047","article-title":"Peptidomimetics and Peptide-Based Blockbuster Drugs","volume":"25","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112736","article-title":"Cyclic tailor-made amino acids in the design of modern pharmaceuticals","volume":"208","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11349","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202000617","article-title":"Tailor-made amino acids and fluorinated motifs as prominent traits in modern pharmaceuticals","volume":"26","author":"Mei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.23376","article-title":"New pharmaceuticals approved by FDA in 2020: Small-molecule drugs derived from amino acids and related compounds","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-020-02887-4","article-title":"Tailor-made amino acid-derived pharmaceuticals approved by the FDA in 2019","volume":"52","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Soloshonok, V.A., and Izawa, K. (2009). Asymmetric Synthesis and Application of \u03b1-Amino Acids, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00254","article-title":"Classics in chemical neuroscience: Baclofen","volume":"11","author":"Kent","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00211.x","article-title":"Phenibut (\u03b2-phenyl-GABA): A tranquilizer and nootropic drug","volume":"7","author":"Lapin","year":"2001","journal-title":"CNS Drug Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2015.07.014","article-title":"R-phenibut binds to the \u03b12\u2013\u03b4 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels and exerts gabapentin-like anti-nociceptive effects","volume":"137","author":"Zvejniece","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.01.015","article-title":"Comparative pharmacological activity of optical isomers of phenibut","volume":"583","author":"Dambrova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-016-3198-4","article-title":"Comparison of nootropic and neuroprotective features of aryl-substituted analogs of gamma-aminobutyric acid","volume":"160","author":"Tyurenkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200704280","article-title":"From basic science to blockbuster drug: The discovery of Lyrica","volume":"47","author":"Silverman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712000491","article-title":"A systematic review on the role of anticonvulsants in the treatment of acute bipolar depression","volume":"16","author":"Reinares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychop."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1202764","article-title":"Alpha2delta ligands, gabapentin, pregabalin and mirogabalin: A review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use","volume":"16","author":"Calandre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-020-00705-7","article-title":"Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of DAT inhibitor R-phenylpiracetam in experimental models of inflammation in male mice","volume":"28","author":"Zvejniece","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2165\/11319230-000000000-00000","article-title":"Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs","volume":"70","author":"Malykh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1021\/jm030913e","article-title":"Discovery of 4-substituted pyrrolidone butanamides as new agents with significant antiepileptic activity","volume":"47","author":"Kenda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2006.11.004","article-title":"Brivaracetam (ucb 34714)","volume":"4","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00206.x","article-title":"The antidepressant and antiinflammatory effects of rolipram in the central nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2001","journal-title":"CNS Drug Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710791698549","article-title":"A role of GABA analogues in the treatment of neurological diseases","volume":"17","author":"Gajcy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetasy.2016.08.011","article-title":"An update on the stereoselective synthesis of \u03b3-amino acids","volume":"27","author":"Cativiela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Asymmetry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1590938","article-title":"Asymmetric Synthetic Strategies of (R)-(\u2013)-Baclofen: An Antispastic Drug","volume":"50","author":"Ramesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1021\/op7002248","article-title":"Development of a chemoenzymatic manufacturing process for pregabalin","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2174\/1385272824999200616123744","article-title":"Recent trends in the development of novel catalysts for asymmetric Michael reaction","volume":"24","author":"Shagufta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4719","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200800847","article-title":"Catalytic asymmetric Michael reactions of acetaldehyde","volume":"47","author":"Halder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4722","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200801130","article-title":"Asymmetric Michael reaction of acetaldehyde catalyzed by diphenylprolinol silyl ether","volume":"47","author":"Hayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5307","DOI":"10.1021\/ol702545z","article-title":"Diphenylprolinol silyl ether as catalyst of an asymmetric, catalytic, and direct Michael reaction of nitroalkanes with \u03b1, \u03b2-unsaturated aldehydes","volume":"9","author":"Gotoh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19810640518","article-title":"Synthesis of Open-Chain 2,3-Disubstituted 4-nitroketones by Diastereoselective Michael-addition of (E)-Enamines to (E)-Nitroolefins. A topological rule for C, C-bond forming processes between prochiral centres. Preliminary communication","volume":"64","author":"Seebach","year":"1981","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2017.09.080","article-title":"Efficient synthesis of (\u2212)-(R)-and (+)-(S)-rolipram","volume":"58","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.201200215","article-title":"Asymmetric Michael reaction of acetaldehyde with nitroolefins catalyzed by highly water-compatible organocatalysts in aqueous media","volume":"354","author":"Qiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202104524","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202104524","article-title":"DoE-Driven Development of an Organocatalytic Enantioselective Addition of Acetaldehyde to Nitrostyrenes in Water","volume":"28","author":"Nori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8431","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200703261","article-title":"Water-compatible iminium activation: Organocatalytic Michael reactions of carbon-centered nucleophiles with enals","volume":"46","author":"Palomo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso, D.A., Baeza, A., Chinchilla, R., G\u00f3mez, C., Guillena, G., Pastor, I.M., and Ram\u00f3n, D.R. (2017). Recent advances in asymmetric organocatalyzed conjugate additions to nitroalkenes. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22060895"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1002\/ajoc.201900459","article-title":"Recent Advances in Natural Products Synthesis Using Bifunctional Organocatalysts bearing a Hydrogen-Bonding Donor Moiety","volume":"8","author":"Odagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1021\/ja044370p","article-title":"Enantio-and diastereoselective Michael reaction of 1, 3-dicarbonyl compounds to nitroolefins catalyzed by a bifunctional thiourea","volume":"127","author":"Okino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.06.056","article-title":"Antinociceptive and antidepressant-like action of endomorphin-2 analogs with proline surrogates in position 2","volume":"22","author":"Perlikowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mencom.2016.11.003","article-title":"Asymmetric synthesis of 3-prenyl-substituted pyrrolidin-2-ones","volume":"26","author":"Sukhanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mendeleev Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steppeler, F., Dominika Iwan, D., El\u017cbieta Wojaczy\u0144ska, E., and Wojaczy\u0144ski, J. (2020). Chiral thioureas\u2014Preparation and significance in asymmetric synthesis and medicinal chemistry. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25020401"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2010.11.053","article-title":"Solvent-free organocatalytic Michael addition of diethyl malonate to nitroalkenes: The practical synthesis of Pregabalin and \u03b3-nitrobutyric acid derivatives","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3613","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5b00685","article-title":"Unprecedented Hydrophobic Amplification in Noncovalent Organocatalysis \u201con Water\u201d: Hydrophobic Chiral Squaramide Catalyzed Michael Addition of Malonates to Nitroalkenes","volume":"5","author":"Bae","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.6b00218","article-title":"l-Proline Derived Bifunctional Organocatalysts: Enantioselective Michael Addition of Dithiomalonates to trans-\u03b2-Nitroolefins","volume":"81","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1039\/C1SC00441G","article-title":"Enantio-and diastereoselective addition of cyclohexyl Meldrum\u2019s acid to \u03b2-and \u03b1, \u03b2-disubstituted nitroalkenes via N-sulfinyl urea catalysis","volume":"3","author":"Kimmel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetasy.2017.05.011","article-title":"Advances on asymmetric organocatalytic 1,4-conjugate addition reactions in aqueous and semi-aqueous media","volume":"28","author":"Mondal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Asymmetry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6715","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.9b02320","article-title":"Access to Chiral GABA Analogues Bearing a Trifluoromethylated All-Carbon Quaternary Stereogenic Center through Water-Promoted Organocatalytic Michael Reactions","volume":"21","author":"Sim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8687","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201403049","article-title":"Multisite organic\u2013inorganic hybrid catalysts for the direct sustainable synthesis of GABAergic drugs","volume":"53","author":"Corma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1039\/c3sc22310h","article-title":"In situ preparation of a multifunctional chiral hybrid organic\u2013inorganic catalyst for asymmetric multicomponent reactions","volume":"4","author":"Zagdoun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1560420","article-title":"Squaramide-Catalyzed Michael Addition as a Key Step for the Direct Synthesis of GABAergic Drugs","volume":"48","author":"Bilka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2019.02.027","article-title":"The versatility of squaramides: From supramolecular chemistry to chemical biology","volume":"5","author":"Marchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7705","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ob41709c","article-title":"Enantioselective Michael addition of 1, 3-dicarbonyl compounds to a nitroalkene catalyzed by chiral squaramides\u2014A key step in the synthesis of pregabalin","volume":"11","author":"Baran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.200801220","article-title":"A simple organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of pregabalin","volume":"2009","author":"Bassas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.1c00045","article-title":"Synthetic Organic \u201cAquachemistry\u201d that Relies on Neither Cosolvents nor Surfactants","volume":"7","author":"Kitanosono","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9621","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc13637b","article-title":"Hydrogen bonding mediated enantioselective organocatalysis in brine: Significant rate acceleration and enhanced stereoselectivity in enantioselective Michael addition reactions of 1,3-dicarbonyls to \u03b2-nitroolefins","volume":"47","author":"Bae","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201611466","article-title":"Water-Enabled Catalytic Asymmetric Michael Reactions of Unreactive Nitroalkenes: One-Pot Synthesis of Chiral GABA-Analogs with All-Carbon Quaternary Stereogenic Centers","volume":"56","author":"Sim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.201300375","article-title":"Recent advances in catalytic asymmetric decarboxylative addition reactions","volume":"355","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.201100458","article-title":"Organocatalytic Enantioselective Michael-Addition of Malonic Acid Half-Thioesters to \u03b2-Nitroolefins: From Mimicry of Polyketide Synthases to Scalable Synthesis of \u03b3-Amino Acids","volume":"353","author":"Bae","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6841","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200702187","article-title":"Mimicry of Polyketide Synthases\u2014Enantioselective 1, 4-Addition Reactions of Malonic Acid Half-Thioesters to Nitroolefins","volume":"46","author":"Lubkoll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2011.08.070","article-title":"Biscinchona alkaloids as highly efficient bifunctional organocatalysts for the asymmetric conjugate addition of malonates to nitroalkenes at ambient temperature","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7051","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ob41403e","article-title":"Bifunctional primary amine-thioureas in asymmetric organocatalysis","volume":"11","author":"Serdyuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.201100636","article-title":"Primary Amine-Thioureas with Improved Catalytic Properties for \u201cDifficult\u201d Michael Reactions: Efficient Organocatalytic Syntheses of (S)-Baclofen, (R)-Baclofen and (S)-Phenibut","volume":"354","author":"Tsakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7586","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00692","article-title":"Recent advances in metal-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-conjugate addition (ACA) of nonorganometallic nucleophiles","volume":"118","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201604110","article-title":"Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition in Natural Product Synthesis","volume":"23","author":"Hui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11583","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0735913","article-title":"Scope and mechanism of enantioselective Michael additions of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to nitroalkenes catalyzed by nickel (II)\u2013diamine complexes","volume":"129","author":"Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15546","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201202407","article-title":"Functionalized Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica: A Highly Enantioselective Catalyst for the Michael Addition of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds to Nitroalkenes","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.201600083","article-title":"Robust and Recyclable Self-Supported Chiral Nickel Catalyst for the Enantioselective Michael Addition","volume":"358","author":"Bissessar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9216","DOI":"10.1021\/ja071706x","article-title":"Mechanism and application of a microcapsule enabled multicatalyst reaction","volume":"129","author":"Poe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13313","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201906349","article-title":"A Nickel-Diamine\/Mesoporous Silica Composite as a Heterogeneous Chiral Catalyst for Asymmetric 1, 4-Addition Reactions","volume":"58","author":"Ishitani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5506","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.202000875","article-title":"A Nickel-Bisdiamine Porous Organic Polymer as Heterogeneous Chiral Catalyst for Asymmetric Michael Addition to Aliphatic Nitroalkenes","volume":"362","author":"Buendia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.201200226","article-title":"Mutually Complementary Metal- and Organocatalysis with Collective Synthesis: Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of 1,3-Carbonyl Compounds to Nitroenynes and Further Reactions of the Products","volume":"354","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CC47587E","article-title":"Recent advances in cooperative bimetallic asymmetric catalysis: Dinuclear Schiff base complexes","volume":"50","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.201000540","article-title":"A Heterobimetallic Ni\/La-salan Complex for Catalytic Asymmetric Decarboxylative 1,4-Addition of Malonic Acid Half-Thioester","volume":"5","author":"Furutachi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Asian J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13624","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201202896","article-title":"Toward efficient asymmetric carbon\u2013carbon bond formation: Continuous flow with chiral heterogeneous catalysts","volume":"18","author":"Tsubogo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.202000065","article-title":"Enantioselective Sequential-Flow Synthesis of Baclofen Precursor via Asymmetric 1,4-Addition and Chemoselective Hydrogenation on Platinum\/Carbon\/Calcium Phosphate Composites","volume":"15","author":"Ishitani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Asian. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.6b00282","article-title":"Synthesis of Nitro-Containing Compounds through Multistep Continuous Flow with Heterogeneous Catalysts","volume":"18","author":"Ishitani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14343","article-title":"Multistep continuous-flow synthesis of (R)-and (S)-rolipram using heterogeneous catalysts","volume":"520","author":"Tsubogo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/1570179414666170601115831","article-title":"Oxazolidinones as Chiral Auxiliaries in the Asymmetric 1,4-Conjugate Addition Reaction Applied to the Total Synthesis of Natural Products: A Supplemental Mini-Review","volume":"15","author":"Zadsirjan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Org. Synth."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1139\/cjc-2013-0397","article-title":"Diasteroselective conjugate addition of diethylaluminum cyanide to a conjugated N-enoyl system: An alternative synthesis of (S)-pregabalin","volume":"92","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-941584","article-title":"Diastereoselective conjugate addition of cyanide to \u03b1, \u03b2-unsaturated oxazolidinones: Enantioselective synthesis of ent-pregabalin and baclofen","volume":"2006","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Synlett"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"2034","article-title":"A new synthetic route for the preparation of pregabalin","volume":"51","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Synth. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Kuo, J.H., and Wong, W.C. (2012). Method for Preparing Chiral Baclofen. (20,120,029,230), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetasy.2008.03.005","article-title":"Stereoselective and efficient synthesis of (S)-pregabalin from d-mannitol","volume":"19","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Asymmetry"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"20180088","article-title":"Domino and one-pot syntheses of biologically active compounds using diphenylprolinol silyl ether","volume":"5","author":"Hayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13860","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201503920","article-title":"The diarylprolinol silyl ethers: Ten years after","volume":"54","author":"Donslund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.200700353","article-title":"Highly enantioselective organocatalytic conjugate addition of nitromethane to \u03b1, \u03b2-unsaturated aldehydes: Three-step synthesis of optically active baclofen","volume":"349","author":"Zu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Li, P., Liang, X., Zhang, T.Y., and Ye, J. (2008). An efficient enantioselective method for asymmetric Michael addition of nitroalkanes to \u03b1, \u03b2-unsaturated aldehydes. Chem. Commun., 1232\u20131234.","DOI":"10.1039\/b717000a"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.5b02839","article-title":"One-Pot Synthesis of (S)-Baclofen via Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde with Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether Mediated Asymmetric Michael Reaction as a Key Step","volume":"18","author":"Hayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1021\/ol3002514","article-title":"Asymmetric synthesis of \u03b3-nitroesters by an organocatalytic one-pot strategy","volume":"14","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6117","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC01615F","article-title":"Continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their advanced intermediates","volume":"23","author":"Kappe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202004477","article-title":"Multi-Step Continuous-Flow Organic Synthesis: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"27","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RE00087F","article-title":"Continuous one-flow multi-step synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients","volume":"5","author":"Bloemendal","year":"2020","journal-title":"React. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.1c04300","article-title":"Enantioselective Flow Synthesis of Rolipram Enabled by a Telescoped Asymmetric Conjugate Addition\u2013Oxidative Aldehyde Esterification Sequence Using in Situ-Generated Persulfuric Acid as Oxidant","volume":"24","author":"Nagy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8122","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.0c03100","article-title":"Telescoped continuous flow synthesis of optically active \u03b3-nitrobutyric acids as key intermediates of baclofen, phenibut, and fluorophenibut","volume":"22","author":"Llanes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1380203","article-title":"Highly enantioselective Michael addition of nitroalkanes to enones and its application in syntheses of (R)-Baclofen and (R)-Phenibut","volume":"47","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1021\/ol202898e","article-title":"Intermediate as catalyst: Catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition of nitroalkanes to \u03b1, \u03b2-unsaturated thioamides","volume":"14","author":"Ogawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1021\/ol103054a","article-title":"Asymmetric Synthesis of \u03b2-Substituted \u03b3-Lactams via Rhodium\/Diene-Catalyzed 1,4-Additions: Application to the Synthesis of (R)-Baclofen and (R)-Rolipram","volume":"13","author":"Shao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5780","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201001883","article-title":"Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Organoboronic Acids to Nitroalkenes Using Chiral Bicyclo [3.3.0] Diene Ligands","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5336","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0710914","article-title":"Design of C2-Symmetric Tetrahydropentalenes as New Chiral Diene Ligands for Highly Enantioselective Rh-Catalyzed Arylation of N-Tosylarylimines with Arylboronic Acids","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2010.12.044","article-title":"Rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric addition of arylboronic acids to \u03b3-phthalimido-substituted-\u03b1, \u03b2-unsaturated carboxylic acid esters: An approach to \u03b3-amino acids","volume":"52","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1021\/ja1005477","article-title":"A C2-Symmetric Chiral Bis-Sulfoxide Ligand in a Rhodium-Catalyzed Reaction: Asymmetric 1,4-Addition of Sodium Tetraarylborates to Chromenones","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"2805","article-title":"Enantioselective syntheses of (-)-(R)-rolipram,(-)-(R)-baclofen and other GABA analogues via rhodium-catalyzed conjugate addition of arylboronic acids","volume":"18","author":"Becht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1055\/s-1997-3182","article-title":"A stereoselective synthesis of (R)-(-)-rolipram from L-glutamic acid","volume":"1997","author":"Diaz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2008.10.092","article-title":"Synthesis of non-proteinogenic amino acids using Michael addition to unsaturated orthopyroglutamate derivative","volume":"65","author":"Oba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(03)01278-4","article-title":"A facile synthesis of 3-aryl pyroglutamic acid. Facile synthesis of baclofen and chlorpheg","volume":"44","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00053a012","article-title":"The synthesis of aracemic 4-substituted pyrrolidinones and 3-substituted pyrrolidines. An asymmetric synthesis of (-)-rolipram","volume":"58","author":"Meyers","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3814","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00040a018","article-title":"Asymmetric conjugate additions to chiral bicyclic lactams. Synthesis of aracemic trans-2,3-disubstituted pyrrolidines","volume":"57","author":"Meyers","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1080\/00397919708004171","article-title":"Synthesis of the Novel Antidepressant (R)-(-)-Rolipram","volume":"27","author":"Langlois","year":"1997","journal-title":"Synth. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.1985.329","article-title":"Enantioselective conjugate addition reaction mediated by chiral ligands","volume":"14","author":"Momioka","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.1039\/C5OB00492F","article-title":"Stereoselective reaction of 2-carboxythioesters-1,3-dithiane with nitroalkenes: An organocatalytic strategy for the asymmetric addition of a glyoxylate anion equivalent","volume":"13","author":"Massolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CC02443C","article-title":"Enantioselective conjugate addition of an \u03b1, \u03b1-dithioacetonitrile with nitroalkenes using chiral bis (imidazoline)\u2013Pd complexes","volume":"55","author":"Nakamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6776","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CC03307A","article-title":"Direct catalytic enantioselective Mannich-type reaction of \u03b1, \u03b1-dithioacetonitriles with imines using chiral bis (imidazoline)\u2013Pd complexes","volume":"53","author":"Kondo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00074a007","article-title":"Crystal structure, absolute configuration, and phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity of (+)-1-(4-bromobenzyl)-4-[(3-cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-pyrrolidinone","volume":"36","author":"Baures","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232993","article-title":"Photoredox activation for the direct \u03b2-arylation of ketones and aldehydes","volume":"339","author":"Pirnot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1710","article-title":"\u03b2-Carbon activation of saturated carboxylic esters through N-heterocyclic carbene organocatalysis","volume":"5","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10588","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202017306","article-title":"Enantioselective synthesis of pyroglutamic acid esters from glycinate via carbonyl catalysis","volume":"60","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"141","article-title":"Self-Disproportionation of Enantiomers of Chiral, Non-Racemic Fluoroorganic Compounds: Role of Fluorine as Enabling Element","volume":"45","author":"Sorochinsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.22180","article-title":"Optical purifications via Self-Disproportionation of Enantiomers by achiral chromatography; Case study of a series of \u03b1-CF3-containing secondary alcohols","volume":"25","author":"Sorochinsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2012.03.054","article-title":"Self-Disproportionation of Enantiomers of Non-racemic Chiral Amine Derivatives Through Achiral Chromatography","volume":"68","author":"Nakamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13928C","article-title":"A comprehensive examination of the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) of chiral amides via achiral, laboratory-routine, gravity-driven column chromatography","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-019-02729-y","article-title":"The self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) of amino acids and their derivatives","volume":"51","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-018-2664-x","article-title":"The self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) of \u03b1-amino acid derivatives; facets of steric and electronic properties","volume":"51","author":"Hosaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-015-2152-5","article-title":"Remarkable magnitude of the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) via achiral chromatography; application to the practical-scale enantiopurification of \u03b2-amino acid esters","volume":"48","author":"Wzorek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SC05138G","article-title":"The self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE): A menace or an opportunity?","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetasy.2017.08.020","article-title":"A question of policy: Should tests for the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) be mandatory for reports involving scalemates?","volume":"28","author":"Soloshonok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Asymmetry"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.2174\/157017911794697303","article-title":"Self-Disproportionation of Enantiomers via Sublimation; New and Truly Green Dimension in Optical Purification","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Org. Synth."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Wzorek, A., Klika, K.D., and Soloshonok, V.A. (2021). Recommended Tests for the Self-Disproportionation of Enantiomers (SDE) to Ensure Accurate Reporting of the Stereochemical Outcome of Enantioselective Reactions. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092757"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Dembinski, R., Soloshonok, V.A., and Klika, K.D. (2021). A Call for a Change in Policy Regarding the Necessity for SDE Tests to Validate the Veracity of the Outcome of Enantioselective Syntheses, the Inherent Chiral State of Natural Products, and Other Cases Involving Enantioenriched Samples. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26133994"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5608","DOI":"10.1021\/ja800345r","article-title":"Enantioselective Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitroethylene: Efficient Access to \u03b32-Amino Acids","volume":"130","author":"Chi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.200700326","article-title":"Chiral Bicyclic Guanidine as a Versatile Br\u00f8nsted Base Catalystfor the Enantioselective Michael Reactions of Dithiomalonatesandb-Ket oThi oesters","volume":"349","author":"Ye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/12\/3797\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:28:44Z","timestamp":1760138924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/12\/3797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27123797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27123797","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]}}}