{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:24:41Z","timestamp":1790011481266,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010453","name":"National Standardization Project of Traditional Chinese medicine of the National Development and Reform Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZYBZH-Y-ZY-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYBZH-Y-ZY-45"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. and Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. var. biloba Rehd. et Wils, as the legal botanical origins of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, are almost impossible to distinguish according to their appearance traits with respect to medicinal bark. The application of AFLP molecular markers for differentiating the two origins has not yet been successful. In this study, a combination of e-nose measurements, e-tongue measurements, and chemical analyses coupled with multiple-source data fusion was used to differentiate the two origins. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) were applied to compare the discrimination results. It was shown that the e-nose system presented a good discriminant ability with a low classification error for both LDA and QDA compared with e-tongue measurements and chemical analyses. In addition, the discriminating capacity of LDA for low-level fusion with original data, similar to a combined system, was superior or equal to that acquired individually with the three approaches. For mid-level fusion, the combination of different principals extracted by PCA and variables obtained on the basis of PLS-VIP exhibited an analogous discrimination ability for LDA (classification error 0.0%) and was significantly superior to QDA (classification error 1.67\u20133.33%). As a result, the combined e-nose, e-tongue, and chemical analysis approach proved to be a powerful tool for differentiating the two origins of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27123892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T11:45:44Z","timestamp":1655466344000},"page":"3892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Application of Multiple-Source Data Fusion for the Discrimination of Two Botanical Origins of Magnolia Officinalis Cortex Based on E-Nose Measurements, E-Tongue Measurements, and Chemical Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Wenguang","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianlong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangcheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7598-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.03.161","article-title":"Comparison of flavour qualities of mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes) packed with different packaging materials","volume":"232","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, X.Q., Xu, X.X., Zhang, Q., and Xu, J.G. 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