{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:49:27Z","timestamp":1788994167156,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial chronic metabolic disorder, characterized by altered metabolism of macro-nutrients, such as fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Diabetic retinopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic encephalopathy, diabetic periodontitis, and diabetic nephropathy are the prominent complications of diabetes. Inflammatory mediators are primarily responsible for these complications. Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from turmeric, is well known for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. The regulation of several signaling pathways effectively targets inflammatory mediators in diabetes. Curcumin\u2019s anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities against a wide range of molecular targets have been shown to have therapeutic potential for a variety of chronic inflammatory disorders, including diabetes. Curcumin\u2019s biological examination has shown that it is a powerful anti-oxidant that stops cells from growing by releasing active free thiol groups at the target location. Curcumin is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent that targets inflammatory mediators in diabetes, and its resistant form leads to better therapeutic outcomes in diabetes complications. Moreover, Curcumin is an anti-oxidant and NF-B inhibitor that may be useful in treating diabetes. Curcumin has been shown to inhibit diabetes-related enzymes, such as a-glucosidase, aldose reductase and aldose reductase inhibitors. Through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and its suppression of vascular endothelial development and nuclear transcription factors, curcumin has the ability to prevent, or reduce, the course of diabetic retinopathy. Curcumin improves insulin sensitivity by suppressing phosphorylation of ERK\/JNK in HG-induced insulin-resistant cells and strengthening the PI3K-AKT-GSK3B signaling pathway. In the present article, we aimed to discuss the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of curcumin in diabetes regulated by various molecular signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T21:01:41Z","timestamp":1656277301000},"page":"4058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["How Curcumin Targets Inflammatory Mediators in Diabetes: Therapeutic Insights and Possible Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1054-6720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaseen","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Bashir Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haroon","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghallab","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Al-Dawadmi Campus, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2473-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazlullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8329-9180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqas","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2619-1656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Aschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3023-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Jeandet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit \u201cInduced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection\u201d, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims, EA 4707\u2013USC INRAe 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, P.O. Box 1039, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-8706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Saso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology \u201cVittorio Erspamer\u201d, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1149","article-title":"Medicines for treatment intensification in type 2 diabetes and type of insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes in low-resource settings: Synopsis of the World Health Organization guidelines on second-and third-line medicines and type of insulin for the control of blood glucose levels in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus","volume":"169","author":"Roglic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. 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