{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:59:56Z","timestamp":1790222396316,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University","award":["RG-1441-413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-1441-413"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a long-term condition which results in inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum. The key indications of active disease are abdominal pain and diarrhea mixed with blood. Aims: We explore the underlying colon protective mechanism of sinapic acid (SA) against acetic acid (AA) induced ulcerative colitis in rats. The implications of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis are studied. Methodology: Twenty-four rats were distributed into four categories, normal control (NC), ulcerative colitis (UC), ulcerative Colitis with SA 40 mg\/kg (SA 40 mg\/kg + AA), and ulcerative colitis with prednisolone (PRDL 10 mg\/kg + AA), and were pretreated orally with saline, saline and SA (40 mg\/kg\/day) or PRDL (10 mg\/kg\/day) respectively, for 7 days. UC was prompted by trans-rectal administration of 4% AA on the 5th day, colon tissues were surgically removed for gross morphology and histological inspection, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers and immunoblot analysis of Bax, caspase-3, and Bcl-2. Results: Macroscopic and histological inspection demonstrated that both SA 40 mg\/kg and PRDL (10 mg\/kg\/day) significantly ameliorates colonic injuries. In addition, both pretreatments significantly ameliorates AA-induced UC, oxidative stress, as indicated by suppressed malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) levels and restoring antioxidant\/oxidant balance as indicated by catalase and glutathione levels, suppressed inflammation via inhibiting cytokines TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, inflammatory markers MPO, PGE2, COX-2 and NF-\u03baB and inhibiting the protein expression of Bax and caspase-3 apoptotic protein and increasing the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 thereby inhibiting apoptosis. Conclusion: Sinapic acid significantly ameliorates AA induced UC in rats by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in colonic tissues which exhibits its potential for the management of UC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T01:48:38Z","timestamp":1656467318000},"page":"4139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Sinapic Acid Ameliorates Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats by Suppressing Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3714-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mudassar","family":"Shahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6015-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Raish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef A.","family":"Bin Jardan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3556-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mushtaq Ahmad","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8769-4564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Ahad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Alkharfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed L.","family":"Alaofi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad I.","family":"Al-Jenoobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-49","article-title":"Pretreatment of Gymnema sylvestre revealed the protection against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats","volume":"14","author":"Aleisa","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60751-X","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies","volume":"369","author":"Baumgart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.01.063","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences","volume":"126","author":"Loftus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-012-0147-3","article-title":"Curative effect of Terminalia chebula extract on acetic acid-induced experimental colitis: Role of antioxidants, free radicals and acute inflammatory marker","volume":"21","author":"Gautam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097274","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2097274","article-title":"The Immunological Basis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"2016","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. 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