{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:02:45Z","timestamp":1789592565249,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Technology Cooperation Projects of Science in Shanghai, China","award":["20015800100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20015800100"]}]},{"name":"the Technology Cooperation Projects of Science in Shanghai, China","award":["82173885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173885"]}]},{"name":"the Technology Cooperation Projects of Science in Shanghai, China","award":["U1130303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1130303"]}]},{"name":"the Technology Cooperation Projects of Science in Shanghai, China","award":["Y2021004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021004"]}]},{"name":"the National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["20015800100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20015800100"]}]},{"name":"the National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["82173885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173885"]}]},{"name":"the National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["U1130303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1130303"]}]},{"name":"the National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["Y2021004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021004"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China","award":["20015800100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20015800100"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China","award":["82173885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173885"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China","award":["U1130303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1130303"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China","award":["Y2021004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021004"]}]},{"name":"the Graduate Student Innovation Ability Project of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["20015800100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20015800100"]}]},{"name":"the Graduate Student Innovation Ability Project of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["82173885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173885"]}]},{"name":"the Graduate Student Innovation Ability Project of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["U1130303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1130303"]}]},{"name":"the Graduate Student Innovation Ability Project of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["Y2021004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious diseases have always been the number one enemy threatening health and well-being. With increasing numbers of infectious diseases, growing resistance of pathogens, and declining roles of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases, it is becoming increasingly difficult to treat new infectious diseases, and there is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics to change the situation. Natural products tend to exhibit many special biological properties. The genus Peganum (Zygophyllaceae) has been used, for a long time, to treat cough, asthma, lumbago, hypertension, diabetes, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Over the past two decades, a growing number of studies have shown that components from Peganum harmala Linn and its derivatives can inhibit a variety of microorganisms by inducing the accumulation of ROS in microorganisms, damaging cell membranes, thickening cell walls, disturbing cytoplasm, and interfering with DNA synthesis. In this paper, we provide a review on the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities of P. harmala, with a view to contribute to research on utilizing P. harmala for medicinal applicaitons and to provide a reference in the field of antimicrobial and a basis for the development of natural antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T01:48:38Z","timestamp":1656467318000},"page":"4161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Antiparasitic Activities of Peganum harmala and Its Ingredients: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zihao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9358","article-title":"Antibiotic use and its consequences for the normal microbiome","volume":"352","author":"Blaser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"321","article-title":"Antibiotic use: Present and future","volume":"30","author":"Zinner","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26398","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"93","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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