{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:57:55Z","timestamp":1787029075432,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]],"date-time":"2022-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIN 2017 \u201cNatural and pharmacological inhibition of the early phase of viral replication (VirSudNet)\u201d","award":["2017M8R7N9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M8R7N9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, a hydroxytyrosol-rich Olea europaea L. fruit extract (OFE) was added to three thoroughly green formulations\u2014hydrogel, oleogel, and cream\u2014in order to evaluate their antiviral activity against HSV-1. The extract was characterized by different analytical techniques, i.e., FT-IR, XPS, and TGA. HPLC analyses were carried out to monitor the content and release of hydroxytyrosol in the prepared formulations. The total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were investigated through Folin\u2013Cioc\u00e2lteu\u2019s reagent, DPPH, and ABTS assays. The ability of the three formulations to convey active principles to the skin was evaluated using a Franz cell, showing that the number of permeated polyphenols in the hydrogel (272.1 \u00b1 1.8 GAE\/g) was significantly higher than those in the oleogel and cream (174 \u00b1 10 and 179.6 \u00b1 2 GAE\/g, respectively), even if a negligible amount of hydroxytyrosol crossed the membrane for all the formulations. The cell viability assay indicated that the OFE and the three formulations were not toxic to cultured Vero cells. The antiviral activity tests highlighted that the OFE had a strong inhibitory effect against HSV-1 with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 25 \u00b5g\/mL, interfering directly with the viral particles. Among the three formulations, the hydrogel exhibited the highest antiviral activity also against the acyclovir-resistant strain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T20:59:18Z","timestamp":1656968358000},"page":"4273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Natural Formulations Based on Olea europaea L. Fruit Extract for the Topical Treatment of HSV-1 Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3858-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Cometa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jaber Innovation s.r.l., Via Calcutta 8, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7991-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Zannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1388-301X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Busto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0395-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"De Filippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3321-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Franci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1576-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9387-6201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"De Giglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2007.00586.x","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection: Overview on Relevant Clinico-Pathological Features*: HSV-1 Literature Review","volume":"37","author":"Arduino","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. 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