{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:57:13Z","timestamp":1791946633577,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the COVID-19 infection, was discovered two and a half years ago. It caused a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths and substantial damage to the worldwide economy. Currently, only a few vaccines and antiviral drugs are available to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, there has been an increase in virus-related research, including exploring new drugs and their repurposing. Since discovering penicillin, natural products, particularly those derived from microbes, have been viewed as an abundant source of lead compounds for drug discovery. These compounds treat bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral infections. This review incorporates evidence from the available research publications on isolated and identified natural products derived from microbes with anti-hepatitis, anti-herpes simplex, anti-HIV, anti-influenza, anti-respiratory syncytial virus, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties. About 131 compounds with in vitro antiviral activity and 1 compound with both in vitro and in vivo activity have been isolated from microorganisms, and the mechanism of action for some of these compounds has been described. Recent reports have shown that natural products produced by the microbes, such as aurasperone A, neochinulin A and B, and aspulvinone D, M, and R, have potent in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, targeting the main protease (Mpro). In the near and distant future, these molecules could be used to develop antiviral drugs for treating infections and preventing the spread of disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T05:41:06Z","timestamp":1657086066000},"page":"4305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Microbial Natural Products with Antiviral Activities, Including Anti-SARS-CoV-2: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4923-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andri","family":"Frediansyah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PRTPP, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0952-1956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fajar","family":"Sofyantoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4552-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Alhumaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Al Mutair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"},{"name":"Nursing Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 33048, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hawra","family":"Albayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayyan I.","family":"Altaweil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Mohammed Al-Mana College of Health Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani M.","family":"Al-Afghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department, Security Forces Hospital, Makkah 24269, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Gene Center for Research and Training, Jeddah 2022, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"AlRamadhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory and Toxicology Department, Security Forces Specialized Comprehensive Clinics, Al-Ahsa 36441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam R.","family":"AlGhazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematopathology Department, Dammam Regional Laboratory, Dammam 1854, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8607-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safaa A.","family":"Turkistani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah 21134, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulmonem A.","family":"Abuzaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Department, Security Forces Hospital Programme, Dammam 32314, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Rabaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00623-2","article-title":"New hepatitis C virus infection, re-infection and associated risk behaviour in male Irish prisoners: A cohort study, 2019","volume":"79","author":"Crowley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. 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