{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:25:11Z","timestamp":1789068311037,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mae Fah Luang University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kaempferia parviflora (Black ginger) is used widely in medical fields as an anti-microorganism and anti-inflammation. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-acne efficacy of black ginger extract. The results indicate that the methanol and ethanol extracts showed the highest total phenolic contents, without a significant difference, whereas the n-hexane extract showed the highest total flavonoid content. Nine flavones were detected using UPLC\u2212QTOF\u2212MS, and the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest amount of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF) according to HPLC. Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Cutibacterium acnes was observed. All the extracts showed antimicrobial activity against C. acnes, revealing MICs in the range of 0.015 to 0.030 mg\/mL, whereas the ethyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of S. epidermidis with a MIC of 3.84 mg\/mL. In addition, the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity regarding nitric oxide inhibition (IC50 = 12.59 \u00b1 0.35 \u00b5g\/mL). The ethyl acetate extract was shown to be safe regarding cell viability at 0.1 mg\/mL. The anti-acne efficacy was evaluated on volunteers. The volunteers were treated in two groups: one administered a 0.02% ethyl acetate extract gel-cream (n = 9) and one administered a placebo (n = 9) for 6 weeks. The group treated with the gel-cream containing the extract showed 36.52 and 52.20% decreases in acne severity index (ASI) after 4 and 6 weeks, respectively, and 18.19 and 18.54% decreases in erythema, respectively. The results suggest that K. parviflora could be a potent active ingredient in anti-inflammatory and anti-acne products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"4401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Kaempferia parviflora Rhizome Extract as Potential Anti-Acne Ingredient"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Pawee","family":"Sitthichai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0771-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Setinee","family":"Chanpirom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"},{"name":"Phytocosmetics and Cosmeceuticals Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tharakorn","family":"Maneerat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"},{"name":"Medicinal Plants Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6433-0293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rawiwan","family":"Charoensup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"},{"name":"School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thapakorn","family":"Tree-Udom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"},{"name":"Phytocosmetics and Cosmeceuticals Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4044-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Punyawatt","family":"Pintathong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4757-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surat","family":"Laphookhieo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8558-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tawanun","family":"Sripisut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"},{"name":"Phytocosmetics and Cosmeceuticals Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f3zsa, L., Ujhelyi, Z., Vasv\u00e1ri, G., Sinka, D., Nemes, D., Fenyvesi, F., V\u00e1radi, J., Vecserny\u00e9s, M., Szab\u00f3, J., and Kall\u00f3, G. 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