{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:16:49Z","timestamp":1792264609415,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21904091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21904091"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62001318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001318"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BK20200876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200876"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020M671578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M671578"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["21904091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21904091"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["62001318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001318"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20200876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200876"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["2020M671578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M671578"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["21904091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21904091"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["62001318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001318"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["BK20200876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200876"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2020M671578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M671578"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel sample introduction and ionization method for trace explosives detection is proposed and investigated herein, taking into consideration real-world application requirements. A thermal desorption sampling method and dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) source, with air as the discharge gas, were developed. The counter flow method was adopted firstly into the DBDI source to remove the interference of ozone and other reactive nitrogen oxides. A separated reaction region with an ion guiding electric field was developed for ionization of the sample molecules. Coupled with a homemade miniature digital linear ion trap mass spectrometer, this compact and robust design, with further optimization, has the advantages of soft ionization, a low detection limit, is free of reagent and consumable gas, and is an easy sample introduction. A range of common nitro-based explosives including TNT, 2,4-DNT, NG, RDX, PETN, and HMX has been studied. A linear response in the range of two orders of magnitude with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 ng for TNT has been demonstrated. Application to the detection of real explosives and simulated mixed samples has also been explored. The work paves the path to developing next generation mass spectrometry (MS) based explosive trace detectors (ETDs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1658109202000},"page":"4551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Detection of Trace Explosives Using a Novel Sample Introduction and Ionization Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Lingfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingli","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4866-7053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6423-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10804","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01579","article-title":"Recent Developments in the Field of Explosive Trace Detection","volume":"14","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Tang, Y., Shi, A., Bao, L., Shen, Y., Shen, R., and Ye, Y. 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