{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:46:28Z","timestamp":1774593988445,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Oradea"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The longstanding progressive neurodegenerative conditions of the central nervous system arise mainly due to deterioration, degradation and eventual neuronal cell loss. As an individual ages, the irreversible neurodegenerative disorders associated with aging also begin to develop, and these have become exceedingly prominent and pose a significant burden mentally, socially and economically on both the individual and their family. These disorders express several symptoms, such as tremors, dystonia, loss of cognitive functions, impairment of motor activity leading to immobility, loss of memory and many more which worsen with time. The treatment employed in management of these debilitating neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson\u2019s disease (which mainly involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal region), Alzheimer\u2019s disease (which arises due to accumulation of Tau proteins causing diffusive atrophy in the brain), Huntington\u2019s disease (which involves damage of striatal and spinal neurons, etc.), have several adverse effects, leading to exploration of several lead targets and molecules existing in herbal drugs. The current review highlights the mechanistic role of natural products in the treatment of several neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases such as Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, ischemic stroke and depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27154970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T02:12:39Z","timestamp":1659665559000},"page":"4970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Insights into the Explicit Protective Activity of Herbals in Management of Neurodegenerative and Cerebrovascular Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Tapan","family":"Behl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-2797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashita","family":"Makkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aayush","family":"Sehgal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukhbir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Albratty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Najmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6876-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulkarim M.","family":"Meraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45124, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3236-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona Gabriela","family":"Bungau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-022-00513-7","article-title":"Targeting Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Management of Neurological Disorders","volume":"40","author":"Makkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0244-7","article-title":"Ageing as a Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.266045","article-title":"Dietary Habits, Lifestyle Factors and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Dumitrascu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Paolo, M., Papi, L., Gori, F., and Turillazzi, E. (2019). Natural Products in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Great Promise but an Ethical Challenge. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205170"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makkar, R., Behl, T., Bungau, S., Zengin, G., Mehta, V., Kumar, A., Uddin, M., Ashraf, G.M., Abdel-Daim, M.M., and Arora, S. (2020). Nutraceuticals in Neurological Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124424"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"530","article-title":"Comparative Study of Polyphenols, Flavonoids, and Chlorophylls in Equisetum Arvense T. Populations","volume":"67","author":"Pallag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571185","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.571185","article-title":"On the Right Track to Treat Movement Disorders: Promising Therapeutic Approaches for Parkinson\u2019s and Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.H., Bajgai, J., Fadriquela, A., Sharma, S., Trinh, T.T., Akter, R., Jeong, Y.J., Goh, S.H., Kim, C.-S., and Lee, K.-J. (2021). Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products in Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders and Their Future Prospects and Challenges. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175327"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0067-3","article-title":"Imaging the Evolution and Pathophysiology of Alzheimer Disease","volume":"19","author":"Jagust","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.08.002","article-title":"Parkinson Disease Epidemiology, Pathology, Genetics, and Pathophysiology","volume":"36","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/705373","article-title":"The Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Treatment of Huntington Disease","volume":"26","author":"Pidgeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.11.007","article-title":"Tau Pathophysiology in Neurodegeneration: A Tangled Issue","volume":"32","author":"Stoothoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130230","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"3","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behl, T., Makkar, R., Sehgal, A., Singh, S., Sharma, N., Zengin, G., Bungau, S., Andronie-Cioara, F.L., Munteanu, M.A., and Brisc, M.C. (2021). Current Trends in Neurodegeneration: Cross Talks between Oxidative Stress, Cell Death, and Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147432"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"124","article-title":"Microglial Cell Dysregulation in Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.05.030","article-title":"Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration","volume":"322","author":"Federico","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640284","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep136","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Single Chinese Herbs for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Treatment","volume":"2011","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212798919002","article-title":"Herbal Medicines for the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nel071","article-title":"The Use of Herbal Medicine in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"3","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt54","article-title":"Herbal Therapy: A New Pathway for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750602100211","article-title":"Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Akhondzadeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Other Dement."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v8i6.2049","article-title":"An Updated Review on Anti-Alzheimer\u2019s Herbal Drugs","volume":"8","author":"Sanka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojtunik-Kulesza, K., Oniszczuk, T., Mo\u0142doch, J., Kowalska, I., Szponar, J., and Oniszczuk, A. (2022). Selected Natural Products in Neuroprotective Strategies for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2014A Non-Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031212"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"53","article-title":"Network Pharmacology-Based Analysis of Chinese Herbal Naodesheng Formula for Application to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104038","article-title":"Natural Therapeutic Agents for Neurodegenerative Diseases from the Shells of Xanthoceras sorbifolium","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S.K., Hamed, A.R., Soltan, M.M., Hegazy, U.M., Elgorashi, E.E., El-Garf, I.A., and Hussein, A.A. (2013). In-Vitro Evaluation of Selected Egyptian Traditional Herbal Medicines for Treatment of Alzheimer Disease. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-121"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.02.003","article-title":"Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"135","author":"Howes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113492","article-title":"Dual-Target Compounds for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Natural and Synthetic AChE and BACE-1 Dual-Inhibitors and Their Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR)","volume":"221","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/ARRB\/2018\/40571","article-title":"Synthesis and Development of BACE 1 Inhibitor for Alzheimer\u2019s Diseases from Medicinal Plants","volume":"28","author":"Abdul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Res. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16127","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16127","article-title":"Effects and Possible Mechanisms of Action of Acacetin on the Behavior and Eye Morphology of Drosophila Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/2100","article-title":"A Pathophysiological and Pharmacological Review on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Current Need","volume":"14","author":"Sheela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardah, M.T., Ghanem, S.S., Abdulla, S.A., Lv, G., Emara, M.M., Paleologou, K.E., Vaikath, N.N., Lu, J.-H., Li, M., and Vekrellis, K. (2020). Inhibition of Alpha-Synuclein Seeded Fibril Formation and Toxicity by Herbal Medicinal Extracts. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2849-1"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201000604","article-title":"Baicalein Inhibits Formation of A-Synuclein Oligomers within Living Cells and Prevents A\u03b2 Peptide Fibrillation and Oligomerisation","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205011310060002","article-title":"The Role of \u03b1-Synuclein in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Pathways in Disease to Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"10","author":"Hasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2012.0165","article-title":"Possible Therapeutic Uses of Salvia triloba and Piper nigrum in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2013Induced Rats","volume":"16","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10542-4","article-title":"Ameliorative Effect of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Essential Oil on Chlorpyrifos Toxicity in Cyprinus carpio","volume":"28","author":"Pala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2010.1516","article-title":"Ocimum sanctum Linn. Leaf Extracts Inhibit Acetylcholinesterase and Improve Cognition in Rats with Experimentally Induced Dementia","volume":"14","author":"Giridharan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"83","article-title":"Lavandula Angustifolia Effects on Rat Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease through the Investigation of Serum Metabolic Features Using NMR Metabolomics","volume":"10","author":"Oskouie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Med. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541591","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/541591","article-title":"Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Olea europaea (Olive)","volume":"2015","author":"Hashmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.33808\/clinexphealthsci.685280","article-title":"Camellia sinensis Leaves Hydroalcoholic Extract Improves the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Like Alterations Induced by Type 2 Diabetes in Rats","volume":"10","author":"Cam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashyap, P., Kalaiselvan, V., Kumar, R., and Kumar, S. (2020). Ajmalicine and Reserpine: Indole Alkaloids as Multi-Target Directed Ligands towards Factors Implicated in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071609"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S114846","article-title":"Role of Berberine in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16251","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.012330","article-title":"Gallic Acid Is a Dual \u03b1\/\u03b2-Secretase Modulator That Reverses Cognitive Impairment and Remediates Pathology in Alzheimer Mice","volume":"295","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0179-4","article-title":"Potential Neuroprotective Properties of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG)","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.12.032","article-title":"Inhibition of Human Monoamine Oxidase A and B by Flavonoids Isolated from Two Algerian Medicinal Plants","volume":"40","author":"Larit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515004687","article-title":"Examining the Potential Clinical Value of Curcumin in the Prevention and Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"115","author":"Goozee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2012.12.009","article-title":"Recent Advances in Herbal Medicines Treating Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2174\/187221412802481793","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Mythri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Endocr. Metab. Immune Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151112151653","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: New Hopes in Treatment with Herbal Antioxidants","volume":"22","author":"Sarrafchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, T.-H., Cho, K.-H., Jung, W.-S., and Lee, M.S. (2012). Herbal Medicines for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035695"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S2225-4110(16)30119-5","article-title":"The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens","volume":"2","author":"Lampariello","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2016.11.009","article-title":"Mucuna pruriens Reduces Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Parkinsonian Mice Model","volume":"80","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"155","article-title":"Nicotine, Nightshades and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"25","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.31254\/jahm.2015.1307","article-title":"Plant Derived Alkaloids in Major Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Animal Models to Clinical Trials","volume":"1","author":"Girdhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ayurvedic Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2020.1754158","article-title":"Phytic Acid Exerts Protective Effects in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Activating the Anti-Oxidative Protein Sestrin2","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2020.101600","article-title":"Biotechnological Applications of Microbial Phytase and Phytic Acid in Food and Feed Industries","volume":"25","author":"Handa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Dhanalakshmi, C., Thenmozhi, A.J., Manivasagam, T., Essa, M.M., and Khan, M.A.S. (2016). Spices and Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Food and Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Nova Science Publishing, Inc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5937\/savteh2102040M","article-title":"Black Pepper: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809621","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.809621","article-title":"Potential Role of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Arcusa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prabhala, H.K., Pai, C., and Prabhala, R.H. (2012). Anti-Inflammatory Natural Foods. Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases: Bioactive Food in Chronic Disease States, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397156-2.00020-X"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X1304150831122734","article-title":"Herbal Medicine for Anxiety, Depression and Insomnia","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002","article-title":"Herbal Medicine for Depression, Anxiety and Insomnia: A Review of Psychopharmacology and Clinical Evidence","volume":"21","author":"Sarris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6033","article-title":"Herbal Medicine for Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review with Assessment of Potential Psycho-Oncologic Relevance","volume":"32","author":"Yeung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2013.794783","article-title":"Natural Polyphenols in the Management of Major Depression","volume":"22","author":"Pathak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14f09489","article-title":"A Critical Examination of Studies on Curcumin for Depression","volume":"75","author":"Andrade","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.33945\/SAMI\/AJCB.2019.1.2","article-title":"Antidepressant Activity of Curcumin by Monoamine Oxidase\u2013A Inhibition","volume":"1","author":"Nazemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.10.008","article-title":"Apigenin as Neuroprotective Agent: Of Mice and Men","volume":"128","author":"Nabavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7134","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic-Based Management of Depression: Role of Traditional Persian Medicine","volume":"35","author":"Jalali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000625","article-title":"St. John\u2019s Wort (Hypericum perforatum): A Review of the Current Pharmacological, Toxicological, and Clinical Literature","volume":"153","author":"Greeson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.08.017","article-title":"Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects of Amentoflavone Isolated from Cnestis ferruginea in Mice","volume":"103","author":"Ishola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/19768354.2010.528192","article-title":"Antidepressant-like Effect of Chlorogenic Acid Isolated from Artemisia capillaris Thunb","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Cells Syst."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160325120625","article-title":"Chlorogenic Acid and Mental Diseases: From Chemistry to Medicine","volume":"15","author":"Nabavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.17554\/j.issn.2313-5611.2015.01.20","article-title":"Polyphenol Ellagic Acid\u2013Targeting to Brain: A Hidden Treasure","volume":"1","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"83","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Oral Ellagic Acid on Locomotor Activity and Anxiety-Induced by Ischemia\/Hypoperfusion in Rat","volume":"8","author":"Rafieirad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.182168","article-title":"Kinetics of Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase Using Curcumin and Ellagic Acid","volume":"12","author":"Khatri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111724","article-title":"Ellagic Acid a Multi-Target Bioactive Compound for Drug Discovery in CNS? A Narrative Review","volume":"183","author":"Alfei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190402105803","article-title":"Depression and Treatment with Effective Herbs","volume":"25","author":"Fathinezhad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.07.002","article-title":"Ferulic Acid-Induced Anti-Depression and Prokinetics Similar to Chaihu\u2013Shugan\u2013San via Polypharmacology","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-013-9404-4","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Increases Pain Threshold and Ameliorates Depression-like Behaviors in Reserpine-Treated Mice: Behavioral and Neurobiological Analyses","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107695","article-title":"Natural Medicine in Neuroprotection for Ischemic Stroke: Challenges and Prospective","volume":"216","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"597","article-title":"Role of Exogenous Putrescine in the Status of Energy, DNA Damage, Inflammation, and Spermidine\/Spermine-n (1)-Acetyltransferase in Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats","volume":"25","author":"Cetin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-018-2828-2","article-title":"Herbal Medicine in Ischemic Stroke: Challenges and Prospective","volume":"24","author":"Gaire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112719","article-title":"Therapeutic Targets of Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration in Ischemic Stroke: Applications for Natural Compounds from Medicinal Herbs","volume":"148","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2101014","article-title":"Research Progress of Natural Products for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.265545","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds from Chinese Medicine in Acute and Subacute Phases of Ischemic Stroke","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.10.001","article-title":"Totarol Prevents Neuronal Injury in Vitro and Ameliorates Brain Ischemic Stroke: Potential Roles of Akt Activation and HO-1 Induction","volume":"289","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6643382","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6643382","article-title":"Crosstalk between Oxidative Stress and Ferroptosis\/Oxytosis in Ischemic Stroke: Possible Targets and Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"2021","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6885","article-title":"Britanin Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury by Inducing the Nrf2 Protective Pathway","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8424326","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8424326","article-title":"Astragaloside IV for Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Preclinical Evidence and Possible Mechanisms","volume":"2017","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7150376","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7150376","article-title":"Novel Therapeutic Effects of Leonurine on Ischemic Stroke: New Mechanisms of BBB Integrity","volume":"2017","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2978","article-title":"Cornin Ameliorates Cerebral Infarction in Rats by Antioxidant Action and Stabilization of Mitochondrial Function","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.04.054","article-title":"Protective Effect of Celastrol in Rat Cerebral Ischemia Model: Down-Regulating p-JNK, Pc-Jun and NF-\u039aB","volume":"1464","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.09.077","article-title":"Cerebroprotective Effect of Aloe Emodin: In Silico and in Vivo Studies","volume":"29","author":"Pasala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.30.309","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Z-Ligustilide against Permanent Focal Ischemic Damage in Rats","volume":"30","author":"Peng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00076","article-title":"Plant Derived Phytocompound, Embelin in CNS Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Kundap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00177","article-title":"The Growing Use of Herbal Medicines: Issues Relating to Adverse Reactions and Challenges in Monitoring Safety","volume":"4","author":"Ekor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12245-009-0105-z","article-title":"Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicine Toxicities\u2014When to Anticipate Them and How to Manage Them","volume":"2","author":"Phua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatima, N., and Nayeem, N. (2016). Toxic Effects as a Result of Herbal Medicine Intake. Toxicology\u2014New Aspects to This Scientific Conundrum, InTech Open.","DOI":"10.5772\/64468"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2011.09.004","article-title":"Quality of Herbal Medicines: Challenges and Solutions","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"12","article-title":"Challenges and Future Prospects of Herbal Medicine","volume":"1","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Res. Med. Health Sci."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/15\/4970\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:04:24Z","timestamp":1760141064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/15\/4970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27154970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27154970","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]}}}