{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:23:27Z","timestamp":1791300207736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":461,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the French ANR (aapg-TARMAC)"},{"name":"University C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur"},{"name":"CNRS"},{"name":"R\u00e9gion Sud"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was described for the first time in the 1840s and is currently the leading cause of blindness for patients over 65 years in Western Countries. This disease impacts the eye\u2019s posterior segment and damages the macula, a retina section with high levels of photoreceptor cells and responsible for the central vision. Advanced AMD stages are divided into the atrophic (dry) form and the exudative (wet) form. Atrophic AMD consists in the progressive atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the outer retinal layers, while the exudative form results in the anarchic invasion by choroidal neo-vessels of RPE and the retina. This invasion is responsible for fluid accumulation in the intra\/sub-retinal spaces and for a progressive dysfunction of the photoreceptor cells. To date, the few existing anti-AMD therapies may only delay or suspend its progression, without providing cure to patients. However, in the last decade, an outstanding number of research programs targeting its different aspects have been initiated by academics and industrials. This review aims to bring together the most recent advances and insights into the mechanisms underlying AMD pathogenicity and disease evolution, and to highlight the current hypotheses towards the development of new treatments, i.e., symptomatic vs. curative. The therapeutic options and drugs proposed to tackle these mechanisms are analyzed and critically compared. A particular emphasis has been given to the therapeutic agents currently tested in clinical trials, whose results have been carefully collected and discussed whenever possible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T05:43:57Z","timestamp":1660196637000},"page":"5089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Recent Advances in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1487-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Fabre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lou","family":"Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2341-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Lamaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CiTCoM, UMR 8038 CNRS, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, 4, Avenue de l\u2019Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1700-8570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Baillif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital of Nice, 30 Avenue De La Voie Romaine, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Pag\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), UMR 7284 and INSERM U 1081, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Demange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France"},{"name":"CiTCoM, UMR 8038 CNRS, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, 4, Avenue de l\u2019Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9023-5940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyril","family":"Ronco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachid","family":"Benhida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences-Green Process Engineering (CBS-GPE), Mohamed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"A17","article-title":"Age-Related Eye Diseases: An Emerging Challenge for Public Health Professionals","volume":"2","author":"Gohdes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prev. 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