{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:47:40Z","timestamp":1790707660934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province of China","award":["2018-ZJ-714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-ZJ-714"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province of China","award":["2021-ZJ-904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ZJ-904"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province of China","award":["2021-ZJ-962Q"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ZJ-962Q"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province of China","award":["2020-QNY-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-QNY-3"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province of China","award":["2019 QZKK0501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019 QZKK0501"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Program of Qinghai University for Youth Scholars","award":["2018-ZJ-714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-ZJ-714"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Program of Qinghai University for Youth Scholars","award":["2021-ZJ-904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ZJ-904"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Program of Qinghai University for Youth Scholars","award":["2021-ZJ-962Q"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ZJ-962Q"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Program of Qinghai University for Youth Scholars","award":["2020-QNY-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-QNY-3"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Program of Qinghai University for Youth Scholars","award":["2019 QZKK0501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019 QZKK0501"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2018-ZJ-714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-ZJ-714"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2021-ZJ-904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ZJ-904"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2021-ZJ-962Q"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ZJ-962Q"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2020-QNY-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-QNY-3"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2019 QZKK0501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019 QZKK0501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor, Gpbar1 or TGR5, is characterized as a membrane receptor specifically activated by bile acids. A series of evidence shows that TGR5 induces protein kinase B (AKT), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-\u03baB), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1\/2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac), and transient receptor potential ankyrin subtype 1 protein (TRPA1) signaling pathways, thereby regulating proliferation, inflammation, adhesion, migration, insulin release, muscle relaxation, and cancer development. TGR5 is widely distributed in the brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, stomach, jejunum, ileum, colon, brown adipose tissue (BAT), white adipose tissue (WAT), and skeletal muscle. Several recent studies have demonstrated that TGR5 exerts inconsistent effects in different cancer cells upon activating via TGR5 agonists, such as INT-777, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and taurolithocholic acid (TLCA). In this review, we discuss both the \u2018friend\u2019 and \u2018foe\u2019 features of TGR5 by summarizing its tumor-suppressing and oncogenic functions and mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T23:51:01Z","timestamp":1661125861000},"page":"5292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The Bile Acid Membrane Receptor TGR5 in Cancer: Friend or Foe?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Youchao","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"},{"name":"Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"},{"name":"Tibetan Medicine Research Center, Tibetan Medicine College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guozhen","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengbang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengzhou","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tibetan Medicine Research Center, Tibetan Medicine College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medicinal Animal and Plant Resources of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"},{"name":"Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2011.200","article-title":"Role of G protein-coupled receptors in inflammation","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16327","article-title":"TGR5\/Cathepsin E signaling regulates macrophage innate immune activation in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"853501","article-title":"TGR5: A Novel Target for Weight Maintenance and Glucose Metabolism","volume":"2011","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00646","article-title":"TGR5, Not Only a Metabolic Regulator","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32386-x","article-title":"Allosteric modulation of GPCR-induced \u03b2-arrestin trafficking and signaling by a synthetic intrabody","volume":"13","author":"Baidya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, N., Wang, Y., Li, T., and Feng, X. (2021). G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Signaling Pathways, Characterization, and Functions in Insect Physiology and Toxicology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105260"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022, August 12). PubChem Pathway Summary for Pathway R-HSA-388396, GPCR Downstream Signalling, Source: Reactome, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pathway\/Reactome:R-HSA-388396."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3818","article-title":"Revisiting STAT3 signalling in cancer: New and unexpected biological functions","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2013.10.021","article-title":"The bile acid TGR5 membrane receptor: From basic research to clinical application","volume":"4","author":"Duboc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-2631","article-title":"TGR5 protects against cholestatic liver disease via suppressing the NF-\u03baB pathway and activating the Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2311","article-title":"Maslinic acid activates mTORC1 and human TGR5 and induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy","volume":"11","author":"Shotaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotech. Bioch."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02068-0","article-title":"TGR5 signalling promotes mitochondrial fission and beige remodelling of white adipose tissue","volume":"9","author":"Perino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.002","article-title":"Activation of TGR5 with INT-777 attenuates oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis via cAMP\/PKC\u03b5\/ALDH2 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats","volume":"143","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"390","article-title":"Effects of taurochenodeoxycholic acid on Ca2+\/CaM signalling mediated by the tgr5 signalling pathway","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Die Pharmazie."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"e583-94","article-title":"Propofol ameliorates hyperglycemia-induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction via heme oxygenase-1\/STAT3 signaling pathway in rats","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Y., Shi, L., Duan, G., Ma, Y., and Li, P. (2021). Taurochenodeoxycholic acid increases cAMP content via specially interacting with bile acid receptor TGR5. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237066"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.1","article-title":"Effects of chemical modification of ursodeoxycholic acid on TGR5 activation","volume":"34","author":"Iguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab072","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic acid\/TGR5 signaling promotes survival and early development of glucose-stressed porcine embryos","volume":"105","author":"Naomi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Reprod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.05.120","article-title":"INT-777, a bile acid receptor agonist, extenuates pancreatic acinar cells necrosis in a mouse model of acute pancreatitis","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"5305","article-title":"Chenodeoxycholic acid attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity and hyperglycemia via the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 and proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 pathway","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40002-0","article-title":"TGR5 activation ameliorates hyperglycemia-induced cardiac hypertrophy in H9c2 cells","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"898","article-title":"Taurochenodeoxycholic acid mediates cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31141-6","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid reduces antitumor immunosuppression by inducing CHIP-mediated TGF-\u03b2 degradation","volume":"1","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23305","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic acid acts via TGR5 receptor to facilitate DNA damage repair and improve early porcine embryo development","volume":"87","author":"Dicks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000703","article-title":"Lung cancer in China: Current and prospect","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70126-2","article-title":"Immunotherapies for non-small-cell lung cancer and mesothelioma","volume":"7","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30958-8","article-title":"Lung cancer: Current therapies and new targeted treatments","volume":"10066","author":"Hirsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930515)71:10<2953::AID-CNCR2820711011>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and etoposide for advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Lynch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"265","article-title":"Tepotinib hydrochloride for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Today"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2022.58.4.3400573","article-title":"Sotorasib: A treatment for non-small cell lung cancer with the KRAS G12C mutation","volume":"4","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Today"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"545","article-title":"Novel radiotherapy approaches for lung cancer: Combining radiation therapy with targeted and immunotherapies","volume":"5","author":"Simone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Lung Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2019.1643239","article-title":"Capmatinib for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Vansteenkiste","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6483626","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6483626","article-title":"Treatment-related adverse effects in lung cancer patients after stereotactic ablative radiation therapy","volume":"2018","author":"Morias","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01028-5","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin regulates immune cell heterogeneity by triggering a cascade reaction of CDK and MAPK phosphorylation","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153620","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza and Pueraria lobata, two eminent herbs in Xin-Ke-Shu, ameliorate myocardial ischemia partially by modulating the accumulation of free fatty acids in rats","volume":"89","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.185","article-title":"A monomeric polysaccharide from Polygonatum sibiricum improves cognitive functions in a model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease by reshaping the gut microbiota","volume":"213","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-020-00191-1","article-title":"Complex roles of cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling in cancer","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-17-0576","article-title":"Targeting CREB pathway suppresses small cell Lung cancer","volume":"5","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6065","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5376","article-title":"Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein overexpression: A feature associated with negative prognosis in never smokers with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"15","author":"Seo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.10.017","article-title":"The membrane bile acid receptor TGR5 drives cell growth and migration via activation of the JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"412","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00383-9","article-title":"The immunological and metabolic landscape in primary and metastatic liver cancer","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00240-3","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"1","author":"Llovet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00300-2","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"1","author":"Brindley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70023-1","article-title":"Angiosarcoma","volume":"10","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, December 01). Cancer Today. Available online: https:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/today\/fact-sheets-cancers."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (2022, February 01). Liver Cancer: Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.net\/cancer-types\/liver-cancer\/statistics."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Lisa Fayed (2021, June 25). Symptoms of Liver Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/liver-cancer-symptoms-514170."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20612","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020612","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Jinhua Qinggan granules for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1332","article-title":"Treatment efficacy of Lianhua Qingwen capsules for eraly-stage COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-1478","article-title":"Xuebijing injection in the treatment of COVID-19: A retrospective case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116346","article-title":"The important role of polysaccharides from a traditional Chinese medicine-Lung Cleansing and Detoxifying Decoction against the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"240","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-1759","article-title":"The pharmacological mechanism of Huashi Baidu Formula for the treatment of COVID-19 by combined network pharmacology and molecular docking","volume":"4","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C.L., Lin, Y.K., Chen, H.A., Huang, C.Y., Huang, M.T., and Chang, Y.J. (2019). Smoking as an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma due to the \u03b17-nachr modulating the JAK2\/STAT3 signaling axis. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091391"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26019","article-title":"Deficiency of G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor Gpbar1 (TGR5) enhances chemically induced liver carcinogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"641","article-title":"Association between the ERCC1 rs11615 polymorphism and clinical outcomes of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapies in gastrointestinal cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s41231-022-00111-x","article-title":"Dietary factors associated with gastric cancer-a review","volume":"7","author":"Richa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw078","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori blood biomarker for gastric cancer risk in East Asia","volume":"3","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30111","article-title":"Inflammation, atrophy, and gastric cancer","volume":"1","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (2022, August 12). Stomach Cancer: Symptoms and Signs. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.net\/cancer-types\/stomach-cancer\/symptoms-and-signs."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"698","article-title":"Treatment strategies in gastric cancer","volume":"41","author":"Meyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00287","article-title":"The G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor Gpbar1 (TGR5) inhibits gastric inflammation through antagonizing NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"5050","article-title":"SIRT1 counteracted the activation of STAT3 and NF-\u03baB to repress the gastric cancer growth","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601911417862","article-title":"The dual role of sirtuins in cancer","volume":"2","author":"Vaquero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gene Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1399","article-title":"The emerging and diverse roles of sirtuins in cancer: A clinical perspective","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605904200","article-title":"SIRT1 inhibits transforming growth factor beta-induced apoptosis in glomerular mesangial cells via Smad7 deacetylation","volume":"282","author":"Kume","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34402","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5353","article-title":"The G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor Gpbar1 (TGR5) suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration through antagonizing STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"33","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (2022, May 01). Colorectal Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.net\/cancer-types\/colorectal-cancer\/statistics."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.07.032","article-title":"Chronic ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer","volume":"2","author":"Rogler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101174","article-title":"Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040","volume":"10","author":"Xi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1537","article-title":"Colorectal cancer chemotherapy: The evolution of treatment and new approaches","volume":"15","author":"McQuade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00589-8","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid suppresses the malignant progression of colorectal cancer through TGR5-YAP axis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G550","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00256.2016","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid exert anti-infammatory actions in the colon","volume":"312","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000324126","article-title":"The bile acid membrane receptor TGR5: A valuable metabolic target","volume":"1","author":"Pols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.004","article-title":"The bile acid membrane receptor TGR5 as an emerging target in metabolism and inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Pols","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.08.001","article-title":"TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis","volume":"3","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.21029","article-title":"Chenodeoxycholic acid through a TGR5-dependent CREB signaling activation enhances cyclin D1 expression and promotes human endometrial cancer cell proliferation","volume":"14","author":"Casaburi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-017-0353-5","article-title":"Lithocholic bile acid inhibits lipogenesis and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells","volume":"1","author":"Luu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs, P., Csonka, T., Kov\u00e1cs, T., S\u00e1ri, Z., Ujlaki, G., Sipos, A., Kar\u00e1nyi, Z., Sze\u0151cs, D., Heged\u0171s, C., and Uray, K. (2019). Lithocholic Acid, a Metabolite of the Microbiome, Increases Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer. Cancers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11091255"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"3567","article-title":"High expression of TGR5 predicts a poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/16\/5292\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:12:33Z","timestamp":1760141553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/16\/5292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27165292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27165292","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]}}}