{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:22:37Z","timestamp":1771460557792,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["2019\/33\/B\/ST8\/02044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/33\/B\/ST8\/02044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The adsorption properties of microporous spherical carbon materials obtained from the resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, treated in a solvothermal reactor heated with microwaves and then subjected to carbonization, are presented. The potassium-based activation of carbon spheres was carried out in two ways: solution-based and solid-based methods. The effect of various factors, such as chemical agent selection, chemical activating agent content, and the temperature or time of activation, was investigated. The influence of microwave treatment on the adsorption properties was also investigated and described. The adsorption performance of carbon spheres was evaluated in detail by examining CO2 adsorption from the gas phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:22:48Z","timestamp":1661300568000},"page":"5379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["CO2 Adsorption Study of Potassium-Based Activation of Carbon Spheres"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9878-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Pe\u0142ech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2160-5431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Staciwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sibera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, al. Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8461-7707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Pe\u0142ech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konrad S.","family":"Sobczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2788-7097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulsen Yagmur","family":"Kayalar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eski\u015fehir Technical University, 26555 Eski\u015fehir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Narkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4651-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Cormia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Faculty, Chemistry Department, Foothill College, 12345 El Monte Road, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petlm.2018.12.007","article-title":"Significant aspects of carbon capture and storage\u2014A review","volume":"5","author":"Raza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Petroleum"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7364","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.1c00032","article-title":"The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage in the Energy Transition","volume":"35","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtadv.2019.100052","article-title":"Microporous organic polymers as CO2 adsorbents: Advances and challenges","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Adv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2014.05.007","article-title":"Microporous adsorbents for CO2 capture\u2014A case for microporous polymers?","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.1039\/D1QM00205H","article-title":"MOF-74 type variants for CO2 capture","volume":"5","author":"Jong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135090","article-title":"A review on production of metal organic frameworks (MOF) for CO2 adsorption","volume":"707","author":"Ghanbari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15121-9","article-title":"A review on application of activated carbons for carbon dioxide capture: Present performance, preparation, and surface modification for further improvement","volume":"28","author":"Abd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122736","article-title":"Porous activated carbons derived from waste sugarcane bagasse for CO2 adsorption","volume":"381","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Assessment of magnetite\/carbon composites capacity in CO2 adsorption under sound assisted fluidization conditions","volume":"43","author":"Alfe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u0142ech, I., Sibera, D., Staciwa, P., Kusiak-Nejman, E., Kapica-Kozar, J., Wanag, A., Narkiewicz, U., and Morawski, A.W. (2021). ZnO\/carbon spheres with excellent regenerability for post-combustion CO2 capture. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216478"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015605","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab5f2c","article-title":"Efficient CO2 adsorption using mesoporous carbons from biowastes","volume":"7","author":"Sriram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-019-00412-6","article-title":"Sustainable porous carbons from garlic peel biowaste and KOH activation with an excellent CO2 adsorption performance","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomass Conv. Bioref."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.01.194","article-title":"Excellent electrochemical properties and large CO2 capture of nitrogen-doped activated porous carbon synthesised from waste longan shells","volume":"231","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.09.040","article-title":"CO2 adsorption at nitrogen-doped carbons prepared by K2CO3 activation of urea-modified coconut shell","volume":"511","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2020.110040","article-title":"Modified carbon spheres as universal materials for adsorption of cationic harmful substances (paraquat and dyes) in water","volume":"297","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1021\/am400112m","article-title":"Activated carbon spheres for CO2 adsorption","volume":"5","author":"Wickramaratne","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-015-2789-8","article-title":"Mesoporous activated carbon spheres derived from resorcinol-formaldehyde resin with high performance for supercapacitors","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2011.447","article-title":"Control of the morphology and chemical properties of carbon spheres prepared from glucose by a hydrothermal method","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.3934\/matersci.2018.5.1016","article-title":"Porous carbon spheres: Recent developments and applications","volume":"5","author":"Tripathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIMS Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1021\/cm5001895","article-title":"Nitrogen enriched porous carbon spheres: Attractive materials for supercapacitor electrodes and CO2 adsorption","volume":"26","author":"Wickramaratne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.03.067","article-title":"Spherical activated carbons for low concentration toluene adsorption","volume":"48","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2017.07.010","article-title":"Resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde resin-based porous carbon spheres with high CO2 capture capacities","volume":"26","author":"Xuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2020.1857773","article-title":"Dyes adsorption properties of KOH-activated resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon gels-kinetic, isotherm and dynamic studies","volume":"41","author":"Faizal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krsti\u0107, S., Kragovi\u0107, M., Pagnacco, M., Dodevski, V., Kalu\u0111erovi\u0107, B., Mom\u010dilovi\u0107, M., Ristovi\u0107, I., and Stojmenovi\u0107, M. (2018). Hydrothermal synthesized and alkaline activated carbons prepared from glucose and fructose\u2014Detailed characterization and testing in heavy metals and methylene blue removal. Minerals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8060246"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.05.017","article-title":"Highly porous carbon spheres for electrochemical capacitors and capacitive flowable suspension electrodes","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201700182","article-title":"Mass production of monodisperse carbon microspheres with size-dependent supercapacitor performance via aqueous self-catalyzed polymerization","volume":"82","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2014.06.005","article-title":"Effect of ZnCl2 activation on CO2 adsorption of N-doped nanoporous carbons from polypyrrole","volume":"218","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.11.006","article-title":"Spherical carbons: Synthesis, characterization and activation processes","volume":"68","author":"Ouzzine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27777-4","article-title":"Fast preparation of carbon spheres from enzymatic hydrolysis lignin: Effects of hydrothermal carbonization conditions","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15337","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA03242J","article-title":"High performance microspherical activated carbons for methane storage and landfill gas or biogas upgrade","volume":"2","author":"Mestre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.10.074","article-title":"Potassium salt-assisted synthesis of highly microporous carbon spheres for CO2 adsorption","volume":"82","author":"Ludwinowicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u0142ech, I., Staciwa, P., Sibera, D., Kusiak-Nejman, E., Morawski, A.W., Kapica-Kozar, J., and Narkiewicz, U. (2022). The Effect of the Modification of Carbon Spheres with ZnCl2 on the Adsorption Properties towards CO2. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041387"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8407","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA00333K","article-title":"Mesoporous size controllable carbon microspheres and their electrochemical performances for supercapacitor electrodes","volume":"2","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/cite.201000166","article-title":"Polymer-based spherical activated carbons\u2013From adsorptive properties to filter performance","volume":"83","author":"Eckle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Ing. Tech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.03.047","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of activated spherical carbon materials for CO2 capture","volume":"113","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Nalwa, H.S. (2001). Chapter 9\u2014Porous Carbons in Adsorption and Catalysis, Handbook of Surfaces and Interfaces of Materials, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.12.008","article-title":"Hydrothermal preparation of highly porous carbon spheres from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) stem hemicellulose for use in energy-related applications","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2018.04.002","article-title":"Activated polypyrrole-derived carbon spheres for superior CO2 uptake at ambient conditions","volume":"549","author":"Dassanayake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2020.110829","article-title":"Effect of microwave assisted solvothermal process parameters on carbon dioxide adsorption properties of microporous carbon materials","volume":"314","author":"Staciwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelech, I., Sibera, D., Staciwa, P., Narkiewicz, U., and Cormia, R. (2020). Pressureless and Low-Pressure Synthesis of Microporous Carbon Spheres Applied to CO2 Adsorption. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225328"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staciwa, P., Narkiewicz, U., Sibera, D., Moszy\u0144ski, D., Wr\u00f3bel, R.J., and Cormia, R.D. (2019). Carbon Spheres spheres as CO2 sorbents. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9163349"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2013.07.003","article-title":"Development of microporous carbons for CO2 capture by KOH activation of African palm shells","volume":"2","author":"Ello","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ee00784f","article-title":"Sustainable porous carbons with a superior performance for CO2 capture","volume":"4","author":"Sevilla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2015.05.017","article-title":"Comprehensive study of ultra-microporous nitrogen-doped activated carbon for CO2 capture","volume":"93","author":"Sethia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2014.06.020","article-title":"The synthesis and characterization of high purity mixed microporous\/mesoporous activated carbon from rice husk using chemical activation with NaOH and KOH","volume":"197","author":"Muniandy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2013.11.005","article-title":"Optimization of microwave preparation conditions for activated carbon from Albizia lebbeck seed pods for methylene blue dye adsorption","volume":"105","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2009.12.011","article-title":"Preparation of activated carbons from unburnt coal in bottom ash with KOH activation for liquid-phase adsorptio","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/0263617417713573","article-title":"Cooperative CO2 adsorption promotes high CO2 adsorption density over wide optimal nanopore range","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adsorpt. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1746922","article-title":"The Structure of a Catalyst Surface","volume":"16","author":"Sips","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s10450-016-9794-9","article-title":"Adsorption isotherms and Sips models of nitrogen, methane, ethane, and propane on commercial activated carbons and polyvinylidene chloride","volume":"22","author":"Tzabar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adsorption"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/17\/5379\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1760141654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/17\/5379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27175379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27175379","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]}}}