{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T03:47:08Z","timestamp":1785037628900,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","award":["# PSF\/res\/C-PINSTECH\/Med (497)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# PSF\/res\/C-PINSTECH\/Med (497)"]}]},{"name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","award":["No: 1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2020\/10636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No: 1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2020\/10636"]}]},{"name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","award":["PIN: IRSIP 45 BMS 101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIN: IRSIP 45 BMS 101"]}]},{"name":"International Research Support Initiative Program, Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","award":["# PSF\/res\/C-PINSTECH\/Med (497)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# PSF\/res\/C-PINSTECH\/Med (497)"]}]},{"name":"International Research Support Initiative Program, Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","award":["No: 1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2020\/10636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No: 1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2020\/10636"]}]},{"name":"International Research Support Initiative Program, Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","award":["PIN: IRSIP 45 BMS 101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIN: IRSIP 45 BMS 101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Helicobacter pylori infection is a major risk factor, but other microbial species may also be involved. In the context of an earlier proteomics study of serum and biopsies of patients with gastroduodenal diseases, we explored here a simplified microbiome in these biopsies (H. pylori, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis) on the protein level. (2) Methods: A cohort of 75 patients was divided into groups with respect to the findings of the normal gastric mucosa (NGM) and gastroduodenal disorders such as gastritis, ulcer, and gastric cancer (GC). The H. pylori infection status was determined. The protein expression analysis of the biopsy samples was carried out using high-definition mass spectrometry of the tryptic digest (label-free data-independent quantification and statistical analysis). (3) Results: The total of 304 bacterial protein matches were detected based on two or more peptide hits. Significantly regulated microbial proteins like virulence factor type IV secretion system protein CagE from H. pylori were found with more abundance in gastritis than in GC or NGM. This finding could reflect the increased microbial involvement in mucosa inflammation in line with current hypotheses. Abundant proteins across species were heat shock proteins and elongation factors. (4) Conclusions: Next to the bulk of human proteins, a number of species-specific bacterial proteins were detected in stomach biopsies of patients with gastroduodenal diseases, some of which, like those expressed by the cag pathogenicity island, may provide gateways to disease prevention without antibacterial intervention in order to reduce antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:48:58Z","timestamp":1661384938000},"page":"5410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Microbial Proteins in Stomach Biopsies Associated with Gastritis, Ulcer, and Gastric Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4388-0207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahid","family":"Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Patients Diagnostic Lab, Isotope Application Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"IZKF Core Unit Proteomics, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7703-9443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patients Diagnostic Lab, Isotope Application Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7914-4626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tayyab Saeed","family":"Akhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8784-0114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabaab","family":"Zahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0672-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IZKF Core Unit Proteomics, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, March 15). 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