{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:08:25Z","timestamp":1784120905669,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JSGG20210629144539012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20210629144539012"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2019JZZY020235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JZZY020235"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Key Research and Development Program","award":["JSGG20210629144539012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20210629144539012"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Key Research and Development Program","award":["2019JZZY020235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JZZY020235"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymeric ultrafine fibrous membranes (UFMs) with high thermal stability and high whiteness are highly desired in modern optoelectronic applications. A series of fluoro-containing polyimide (FPI) UFMs with high whiteness, good thermal stability, and good hydrophobicity were prepared via a one-step electrospinning procedure from the organo-soluble FPI resins derived from a fluoro-containing dianhydride, 4,4\u2032-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA), and various diamines containing either pendant trifluoromethyl (\u2013CF3) groups or alicyclic units in the side chains. The obtained FPI UFMs, including FPI-1 from 6FDA and 3,5-diaminobenzotrifluoride (TFMDA), FPI-2 from 6FDA and 2\u2032-trifluoromethyl-3,4\u2032-oxydianiline (3FODA), FPI-3 from 6FDA and 1,4-bis[(4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]benzene (6FAPB), FPI-4 from 4,4\u2032-bis[(4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]biphenyl (6FBAB), and FPI-5 from 6FDA and 4\u2032-tert-butyl-cyclohexyl-3,5-diaminobenzoate (DABC) showed whiteness indices (WI) higher than 87.00 and optical reflectance values higher than 80% at the wavelength of 457 nm (R457), respectively. The FPI-5 UFM, especially, showed the highest WI of 92.88. Meanwhile, the prepared PI UFMs exhibited good hydrophobic features with water contact angles (WCA) higher than 105\u00b0. At last, the PI UFMs exhibited good thermal stability with glass transition temperatures (Tg) higher than 255 \u00b0C, and the 5% weight-loss temperatures (T5%) higher than 510 \u00b0C in nitrogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T02:04:32Z","timestamp":1661479472000},"page":"5447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular Design, Preparation, and Characterization of Fluoro-Containing Polyimide Ultrafine Fibrous Membranes with High Whiteness, High Thermal Stability, and Good Hydrophobicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Huaxia Shenzhou New Material Co., Ltd., Zibo 256401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-ran","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-shuang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-xin","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6629-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.10.003","article-title":"Progress in electrospun polymeric nanofibrous membranes for water treatment: Fabrication, modification and applications","volume":"77","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2019.01.002","article-title":"Electrospun polymer biomaterials","volume":"90","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.09.033","article-title":"A review on electrospinning for membrane fabrication: Challenges and applications","volume":"356","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23293","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c06520","article-title":"Multistructured electrospun nanofibers for air filtration: A review","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2020.100506","article-title":"A review of smart electrospun fibers toward textiles","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2021.106309","article-title":"Electrospun fibrous materials and their applications for electromagnetic interference shielding: A review","volume":"143","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101485","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202101485","article-title":"Biomimetic porous fluoropolymer films with brilliant whiteness by using polymerization-induced phase separation","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20598","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.020598","article-title":"Highly reflective nanofiber films based on electrospinning and their application on color uniformity and luminous efficacy improvement of white light-emitting diodes","volume":"25","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Exp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2021.109462","article-title":"Light scattering tunability of nanofiber membrane for enhancing color yield","volume":"193","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.10711","article-title":"Thermally induced color change in electrospun fiber mats","volume":"42","author":"Pedicini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517509102797","article-title":"Brilliant whiteness surfaces from electrospun nanofiber webs","volume":"79","author":"Yip","year":"2009","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costoya, A., Concheiro, A., and Alvarez-Lorenzo, C. (2017). Electrospun fibers of cyclodextrins and poly(cyclodextrins). Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22020230"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12351","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR02922H","article-title":"A battery-operated portable handheld electrospinning apparatus","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600417","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600417","article-title":"Mimosa origami: A nanostructure-enabled directional self-organization regime of materials","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, J.C., and Choi, N.J. (2017). Fabrication of functional polyurethane\/rare earth nanocomposite membranes by electrospinning and its VOCs absorption capacity from air. Nanomaterials, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7030060"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2016.06.006","article-title":"Electrospun polyimide nanofibers and their applications","volume":"61","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-019-9349-2","article-title":"Electrospun polyphenylquinoxaline ultrafine non-woven fibrous membranes with excellent thermal and alkaline resistance: Preparation and characterization","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-020-02281-4","article-title":"Electrospun polyphenylquinoxaline fibrous membrane: A versatile filtering medium for separation of highly alkaline aqueous red mud pollutant","volume":"27","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-021-0403-5","article-title":"Electrospun polyimide ultrafine non-woven fibrous membranes containing phenyl-substituted quinoxaline units with improved hydrolysis resistance for potential applications in high-temperature water environments","volume":"23","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2019.61","article-title":"Electrospun polyimide ultrafine non-woven fabrics with high whiteness and good thermal stability from organo-soluble semi-alicyclic polyimides: Preparation and properties","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-018-8270-4","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of electrospun polyimide microfibrous mats with high whiteness and high thermal stability from organo-soluble polyimides containing rigid-rod moieties","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effects of imidization temperature on the structure and properties of electrospun polyimide nanofibers","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eng. Fibers Fabr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2011.06.023","article-title":"Avoiding fusion of electrospun 3,3\u2032,4,4\u2032-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride-4,4\u2032-oxydianiline copolymer nanofibers during conversion to polyimide","volume":"52","author":"Goponenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2494\/photopolymer.31.27","article-title":"Preparation and properties of high-whiteness polyimide ultrafine fabrics by electrospinning from organo-soluble semi-alicyclic polyimide resins","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-021-0091-1","article-title":"Preparation and properties of electrospun polyimide ultrafine fibrous mats with excellent heat-fusibility via hot-press procedure from organo-soluble polyimides containing phenolphthalein units","volume":"23","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1177\/0954008318781703","article-title":"High-performance polyimide nanofiber membranes prepared by electrospinning","volume":"31","author":"Yi","year":"2019","journal-title":"High Perform. Polym."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.003","article-title":"Fluorinated high-performance polymers: Poly(arylene ether)s and aromatic polyimides containing trifluoromethyl groups","volume":"35","author":"Dhara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(01)00665-2","article-title":"A critical review on diffusivity and the characterization of diffusivity of 6FDA-6FpDA polyimide membranes for gas separation","volume":"198","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2015.03.013","article-title":"A review on colorless and optically transparent polyimide films: Chemsitry, process and engineering applications","volume":"28","author":"Ni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhi, X.X., Wang, H.S., Wei, X.Y., Zhang, Y., An, Y.C., Qi, H.R., and Liu, J.G. (2021). Electrospun semi-alicyclic polyimide nanofibrous membrane: High-reflectance and high-whiteness with superior thermal and ultraviolet radiation stability for potential applications in high-power UV-LEDs. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11081977"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1039\/C3SM52540F","article-title":"A novel fluorinated polyimide surface with petal effect produced by electrospinning","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4456","DOI":"10.1021\/ma900496r","article-title":"Synthesis and memory device characteristics of new sulfur donor containing polyimides","volume":"42","author":"You","year":"2009","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5790","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.24387","article-title":"Synthesis of polyimide containing triphenylamine-substituted triazole moieties for polymer memory applications","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2017.12.003","article-title":"The influence of electrospinning parameters and solvent selection on the morphology and diameter of polyimide nanofibers","volume":"14","author":"Lagaron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13829","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.13829","article-title":"Investigating performance of fabricated electrospun polyethersulfone\/Zeolite Y composite nanofibers in concentrate lemon juice by the osmotic membrane distillation process","volume":"44","author":"Estedlali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Proc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2020.109020","article-title":"HOMO-controlled donor-acceptor contained polyimide for nonvolatile resistive memory device","volume":"186","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1002\/app.12874","article-title":"Gas-sorption properties of 6FDA-durene\/1,4- phenylenediamine (pPDA) and 6FDA-durene\/1,3-phenylenediamine (mPDA) copolyimides","volume":"90","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.PJ2005257","article-title":"Soluble polyimides based on diaminobenzoic acid alkylester","volume":"38","author":"Tsuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43081","DOI":"10.1002\/app.43081","article-title":"Thermal and dielectric properties of electrospun fiber membranes from polyimides with different structural units","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/17\/5447\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:15:13Z","timestamp":1760141713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/17\/5447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27175447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27175447","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]}}}