{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:16:24Z","timestamp":1777526184326,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration, Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJ01622901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01622901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthraquinone and its derivatives show remarkable biological properties such as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. Hence, anthraquinones derivatives have been of prime interest in drug development. This study developed a recombinant Escherichia coli strain to modify chrysazin to chrysazin-8-O-\u03b1-l-rhamnoside (CR) and chrysazin-8-O-\u03b1-l-2\u2032-O-methylrhamnoside (CRM) using rhamnosyl transferase and sugar-O-methyltransferase. Biosynthesized CR and CRM were structurally characterized using HPLC, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and various nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Antimicrobial effects of chrysazin, CR, and CRM against 18 superbugs, including 14 Gram-positive and 4 Gram-negative pathogens, were investigated. CR and CRM exhibited antimicrobial activities against nine pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) in a disk diffusion assay at a concentration of 40 \u00b5g per disk. There were MIC and MBC values of 7.81\u201331.25 \u00b5g\/mL for CR and CRM against methicillin-sensitive S. aureus CCARM 0205 (MSSA) for which the parent chrysazin is more than &gt;1000 \u00b5g\/mL. Furthermore, the anti-proliferative properties of chrysazin, CR, and CRM were assayed using AGS, Huh7, HL60, and HaCaT cell lines. CR and CRM showed higher antibacterial and anticancer properties than chrysazin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T22:53:42Z","timestamp":1661813622000},"page":"5554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Microbial Biosynthesis of Chrysazin Derivatives in Recombinant Escherichia coli and Their Biological Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3318-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Purna Bahadur","family":"Poudel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction (iBR), Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Chungnam, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2492-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipesh","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction (iBR), Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Chungnam, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rubin Thapa","family":"Magar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction (iBR), Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Chungnam, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1583-5046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Kyung","family":"Sohng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction (iBR), Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Chungnam, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Chungnam, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomson, R.H. 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