{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:15:15Z","timestamp":1790957715804,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (COMECYT)","award":["FICDTEM-2021-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FICDTEM-2021-060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infections caused by micro-organisms of the genus Candida are becoming a growing health problem worldwide. These fungi are opportunistic commensals that can produce infections\u2014clinically known as candidiasis\u2014in immunocompromised individuals. The indiscriminate use of different anti-fungal treatments has triggered the resistance of Candida species to currently used therapies. In this sense, propolis has been shown to have potent antimicrobial properties and thus can be used as an approach for the inhibition of Candida species. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the anti-Candida effects of a propolis extract obtained from the north of Mexico on clinical isolates of Candida species. Candida species were specifically identified from oral lesions, and both the qualitative and quantitative anti-Candida effects of the Mexican propolis were evaluated, as well as its inhibitory effect on C. albicans isolate\u2019s germ tube growth and chemical composition. Three Candida species were identified, and our results indicated that the inhibition halos of the propolis ranged from 7.6 to 21.43 mm, while that of the MFC and FC50 ranged from 0.312 to 1.25 and 0.014 to 0.244 mg\/mL, respectively. Moreover, the propolis was found to inhibit germ tube formation (IC50 ranging from 0.030 to 1.291 mg\/mL). Chemical composition analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, including pinocembrin, baicalein, pinobanksin chalcone, rhamnetin, and biochanin A, in the Mexican propolis extract. In summary, our work shows that Mexican propolis presents significant anti-Candida effects related to its chemical composition, and also inhibits germ tube growth. Other Candida species virulence factors should be investigated in future research in order to determine the mechanisms associated with antifungal effects against them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:19:01Z","timestamp":1662077941000},"page":"5651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Antifungal Activity of Mexican Propolis on Clinical Isolates of Candida Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3307-006X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Rebeca","family":"Rivera-Ya\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Morfofisiolog\u00eda y Funci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5760-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Porfirio Alonso","family":"Ruiz-Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Toxicolog\u00eda de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Gustavo A. Madero 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Reyes-Reali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Morfofisiolog\u00eda y Funci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Mendoza-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Morfofisiolog\u00eda y Funci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2925-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena","family":"Vargas-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla Mariela","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, 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Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4819-5970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina Stella","family":"Garc\u00eda-Romo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Morfofisiolog\u00eda y Funci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8890-7656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Pedroza-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Morfofisiolog\u00eda y Funci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo Ren\u00e9","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Morfofisiolog\u00eda y Funci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Nieto-Ya\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9754-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelly","family":"Rivera-Ya\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, S.-H., Ban, E., Chung, I.-Y., Cho, Y.-H., and Kim, A. 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