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However, the structural characteristics and potential pharmacological efficacy of the polysaccharides from BCG-PSN remain unclear. Herein, two polysaccharides (BCG-1 and BCG-2) were purified and their structures were characterized. Monosaccharide composition analysis combined with methylation analysis and NMR data indicated that BCG-1 and BCG-2 were an \u03b1-D-(1\u21924)-mannan with (1\u21922)-linked branches, and an \u03b1-D-(1\u21924)-glucan with (1\u21926)-linked branches, respectively. Herein, the mannan from BCG-PSN was first reported. Bioactivity assays showed that BCG-1 and BCG-2 dose-dependently and potently increased the production of inflammatory mediators (NO, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-10), as well as their mRNA expressions in RAW264.7 cells; both have similar or stronger effects compared with BCG-PSN injection. These data suggest that BCG-1 and BCG-2 are very likely the active ingredients of BCG-PSN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T01:51:57Z","timestamp":1662515517000},"page":"5691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Detailed Structural Analysis of the Immunoregulatory Polysaccharides from the Mycobacterium Bovis BCG"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Lan","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Jiuzhitang Siqi Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changsha 410329, China"},{"name":"Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd., Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Jiuzhitang Siqi Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changsha 410329, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengmei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Jiuzhitang Siqi Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changsha 410329, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Jiuzhitang Siqi Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changsha 410329, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Jiuzhitang Siqi Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changsha 410329, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Jiuzhitang Siqi Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changsha 410329, China"},{"name":"Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd., Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.024","article-title":"Enhancement of HIV-1 DNA vaccine immunogenicity by BCG-PSN, a novel adjuvant","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.05.011","article-title":"Structure, chain conformation, and immunomodulatory activity of the polysaccharide purified from Bacillus Calmette Guerin formulation","volume":"150","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. 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