{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:22:39Z","timestamp":1792034559349,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Reference","award":["TTK200415513610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTK200415513610"]}]},{"name":"Reference","award":["129891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129891"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTK200415513610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTK200415513610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["129891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129891"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies that affects men and significantly contributes to increased mortality rates in men globally. Patients affected with prostate cancer present with either a localized or advanced disease. In this review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of prostate cancer, including the diagnosis of the disease, mutations leading to the onset and progression of the disease, and treatment options. Prostate cancer diagnoses include a digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen analysis, and prostate biopsies. Mutations in certain genes are linked to the onset, progression, and metastasis of the cancer. Treatment for localized prostate cancer encompasses active surveillance, ablative radiotherapy, and radical prostatectomy. Men who relapse or present metastatic prostate cancer receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), salvage radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Currently, available treatment options are more effective when used as combination therapy; however, despite available treatment options, prostate cancer remains to be incurable. There has been ongoing research on finding and identifying other treatment approaches such as the use of traditional medicine, the application of nanotechnologies, and gene therapy to combat prostate cancer, drug resistance, as well as to reduce the adverse effects that come with current treatment options. In this article, we summarize the genes involved in prostate cancer, available treatment options, and current research on alternative treatment options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T01:51:57Z","timestamp":1662515517000},"page":"5730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":867,"title":["Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Alternative Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Mamello","family":"Sekhoacha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keamogetswe","family":"Riet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paballo","family":"Motloung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lemohang","family":"Gumenku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-8014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayodeji","family":"Adegoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"},{"name":"Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Mashele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"901578","article-title":"Translational Bioinformatics for Diagnostic and Prognostic Prediction of Prostate Cancer in the Next-Generation Sequencing Era","volume":"2013","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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