{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:49:38Z","timestamp":1785944978967,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Walailak University Graduate Research Fund","award":["CGS-RF-2021\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGS-RF-2021\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colistin is a potent peptide antibiotic that is effective against Gram-negative bacteria. However, nephrotoxicity limited its clinical use. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained attention as a potential antimicrobial agent and nanodrug carrier. The conjugation of antibiotics and AgNPs has been found to increase the activity and decrease drug toxicity. In this study, colistin was conjugated with AgNPs (Col-AgNPs), which was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra. The optimized Col-AgNPs had the proper characteristics, including spherical shape, monodispersity, nanosized particle, high surface charge, and good stability. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern supported the crystallinity of Col-AgNPs and AgNPs. The drug loading of Col-AgNPs was 11.55 \u00b1 0.93%. Col-AgNPs had higher activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) than AgNPs and colistin. The mechanism of actions of Col-AgNPs involved membrane disruption and genomic DNA damage. The Col-AgNPs and AgNPs were biocompatible with human red blood cells and renal cells at concentrations up to 16 \u00b5g\/mL. Interestingly, Col-AgNPs exhibited higher cell survival than AgNPs and colistin at 32 \u00b5g\/mL. Our results revealed that the Col-AgNPs could enhance the antimicrobial activity and cell biocompatibility more than colistin and AgNPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T01:40:13Z","timestamp":1662601213000},"page":"5780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Silver Nanoparticles Conjugated with Colistin Enhanced the Antimicrobial Activity against Gram-Negative Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poowadon","family":"Muenraya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"},{"name":"Drug and Cosmetics Excellence Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somchai","family":"Sawatdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"},{"name":"Drug and Cosmetics Excellence Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4772-2276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teerapol","family":"Srichana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery System Excellence Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2280-6649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apichart","family":"Atipairin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"},{"name":"Drug and Cosmetics Excellence Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771510","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771510","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: One health one world outlook","volume":"11","author":"Aslam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00286","article-title":"Nano-based drug delivery or targeting to eradicate bacteria for infection mitigation: A review of recent advances","volume":"8","author":"Yeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gai, Z., Samodelov, S.L., Kullak-Ublick, G.A., and Visentin, M. (2019). Molecular mechanisms of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030653"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1865-4","article-title":"Review on colistin nephrotoxicity","volume":"71","author":"Shokouhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.30.12.1279","article-title":"Resurgence of colistin: A review of resistance, toxicity, pharmacodynamics, and dosing","volume":"30","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.10.013","article-title":"Colistin nanoparticle assembly by coacervate complexation with polyanionic peptides for treating drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120211","article-title":"In Vitro evaluation of drug delivery behavior for inhalable amorphous nanoparticle formulations in a human lung epithelial cell model","volume":"596","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.09.045","article-title":"Bioconjugated nanoparticles for attachment and penetration into pathogenic bacteria","volume":"34","author":"Mei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.111156","article-title":"An evaluation of the activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles against bacteria, fungi and mammalian cell lines","volume":"194","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.F., Liu, Z.G., Shen, W., and Gurunathan, S. (2016). Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, properties, applications, and therapeutic approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091534"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.H., and Jun, B.H. (2019). Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis and application for nanomedicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040865"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S196472","article-title":"Shape-dependent antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Cheon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2020.107978","article-title":"Enhanced antimicrobial efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticle based antibiotic conjugates","volume":"117","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.09.015","article-title":"A synergic action of colistin, imipenem, and silver nanoparticles against pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients","volume":"14","author":"Khaled","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2016.2273","article-title":"Colistin-functionalized nanoparticles for the rapid capture of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"12","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2155","article-title":"Facile biofunctionalization of silver nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial properties, endotoxin removal, and biofilm control","volume":"10","author":"Lambadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masri, A., Anwar, A., Ahmed, D., Siddiqui, R.B., Raza Shah, M., and Khan, N.A. (2018). Silver nanoparticle conjugation-enhanced antibacterial efficacy of clinically approved drugs cephradine and vildagliptin. Antibiotics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics7040100"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12005","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/217\/1\/012005","article-title":"Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and the development in analysis method","volume":"217","author":"Seedeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.10.046","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles in aqueous solutions of surface active imidazolium-based ionic liquids and traditional surfactants SDS and DTAB","volume":"273","author":"Naderi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-012-1101-4","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles synthesis in aqueous solutions using sulfite as reducing agent and sodium dodecyl sulfate as stabilizer","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Fei, K.X., Yang, X., Zhang, S.S., and Peng, Y.X. (2018). Synthesis and plasmonic chiroptical studies of sodium deoxycholate modified silver nanoparticles. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11081291"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3964","DOI":"10.1002\/poc.3964","article-title":"Micellization behavior of bile salt with pluronic (F-127) and synthesis of silver nanoparticles in a mixed system","volume":"32","author":"Rub","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-009-9120-4","article-title":"A study of the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles by the discrete dipole approximation method: Effect of shape, size, structure, and assembly","volume":"5","author":"Amendola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2021.110432","article-title":"Control of localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles by changing its size and morphology","volume":"192","author":"Kiba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"21","article-title":"Investigation of silver nanoparticles formation kinetics during reduction of silver nitrate with sodium citrate","volume":"15","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Medzg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Zhu, H., Shen, Y., Zhang, W., and Zhang, L. (2019). Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles of different particle size against Vibrio Natriegens. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222322"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-018-0163-z","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Tectona grandis seeds extract: Characterization and mechanism of antimicrobial action on different microorganisms","volume":"10","author":"Rautela","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2014.05.133","article-title":"Silver and silver oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis and characterization by thermal decomposition","volume":"130","author":"Ramezani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7359","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b05157","article-title":"Tutorial on powder X-ray diffraction for characterizing nanoscale materials","volume":"13","author":"Holder","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.19261\/cjm.2019.572","article-title":"Structure of micelles of sodium dodecyl sulphate in water: An X-ray and dynamic light scattering study","volume":"14","author":"Mirgorod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. J. Mold."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Beringer, P., Gupta, P.K., DerMarderosian, A., Hoover, J.E., Felton, L., Popovick, N.G., Gelone, S., Reily, W.J., Gennaro, A.R., and Hendrickson, R. (2005). Chapter 21: Colloidal Dispersions. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [21st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastasiadis, S.H., Chrissopoulou, K., Stratakis, E., Kavatzikidou, P., Kaklamani, G., and Ranella, A. (2022). How the physicochemical properties of manufactured nanomaterials affect their performance in dispersion and their applications in biomedicine: A review. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12030552"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"224","article-title":"High performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of colistin sulfate and its application in medicated premixand animal feed","volume":"76","author":"Choosakoonkriang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Mol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.01.043","article-title":"Preparation of albumin nanoparticles: Optimum size for cellular uptake of entrapped drug (Curcumin)","volume":"567","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Sperelakis, N. (2012). Physiological Structure and Function of Proteins. Cell Physiology Source Book, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.6b00575","article-title":"Size-dependent protein-nanoparticle interactions in citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles: The emergence of the protein corona","volume":"28","author":"Piella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5783","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S254808","article-title":"Protein-nanoparticle interaction: Corona formation and conformational changes in proteins on nanoparticles","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.4.1364-1370.2003","article-title":"Stability of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate in aqueous media and plasma as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v116\/i6\/952-958","article-title":"Effect of deoxycholate capped silver nanoparticles in seed dormancy breaking of Withania somnifera","volume":"116","author":"Thangavelu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-013-4894-5","article-title":"Size-dependent antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles against oral anaerobic pathogenic bacteria","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5186","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SC00792E","article-title":"Impacts of gold nanoparticle charge and ligand type on surface binding and toxicity to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1021\/bc049951i","article-title":"Toxicity of gold nanoparticles functionalized with cationic and anionic side chains","volume":"15","author":"Goodman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yassin, M.T., Mostafa, A.A.F., Al-Askar, A.A., and Al-Otibi, F.O. (2022). Synergistic antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanomaterials with colistin antibiotic against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Crystals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst12081057"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2016.01.005","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of silver nanobactericides produced by Aneurinibacillus migulanus 141, a novel endophyte inhabiting Mimosa pudica L","volume":"12","author":"Syed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.78","article-title":"Colistin: An update on the antibiotic of the 21st century","volume":"10","author":"Biswas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0059","article-title":"Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis","volume":"11","author":"Prucek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182135","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.182135","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticle-decorated cobalt nanocomposites (Co@AgNPs) and their density-dependent antibacterial activity","volume":"6","author":"Kanwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luna-V\u00e1zquez-G\u00f3mez, R., Arellano-Garc\u00eda, M.E., Toledano-Maga\u00f1a, Y., Garc\u00eda-Ramos, J.C., Radilla-Ch\u00e1vez, P., Salas-Vargas, D.S., Casillas-Figueroa, F., Ruiz-Ruiz, B., Pestryakov, A., and Bogdanchikova, N. (2022). Bell shape curves of hemolysis induced by silver nanoparticles: Review and experimental assay. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12071066"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr149","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization and in vitro hemolysis evaluation of silver nanoparticles","volume":"123","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25518","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25518","article-title":"An evaluation of blood compatibility of silver nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2017.10.008","article-title":"A systematic review on silver nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity: Physicochemical properties and perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Akter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/17458080.2010.547878","article-title":"Size-based cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in bovine retinal endothelial cells","volume":"1","author":"Sriram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20118","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA02907A","article-title":"Coated silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and optical properties","volume":"9","author":"Fahmy","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13608","DOI":"10.1021\/jp712087m","article-title":"Unique cellular interaction of silver nanoparticles: Size-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"112","author":"Carlson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1021\/la2042058","article-title":"Cytotoxicity induced by engineered silver nanocrystallites is dependent on surface coatings and cell types","volume":"28","author":"Suresh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2780","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: A brief review of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chemically and biogenically synthesized nanoparticles","volume":"32","author":"Seabra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.H., Kim, J.S., Ravichandran, K., Gil, H.W., Song, H.Y., and Hong, S.Y. (2015). P-glycoprotein induction ameliorates colistin induced nephrotoxicity in cultured human proximal tubular cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136075"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110935","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of silver nanoparticles stabilized with different coating agents: In vitro response of neuronal precursor cells","volume":"136","author":"Pongrac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2004). ASEAN Guideline on Analytical Validation, ASEAN Guideline."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"CLSI (2017). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [27th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e50166","article-title":"Ex Vivo red blood cell hemolysis assay for the evaluation of pH-responsive endosomolytic agents for cytosolic delivery of biomacromolecular drugs","volume":"73","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/18\/5780\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:24:47Z","timestamp":1760142287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/18\/5780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27185780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27185780","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]}}}