{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T22:22:07Z","timestamp":1774995727429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n\/Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n\/Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["BIOGAL PID2020-116761GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIOGAL PID2020-116761GB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n\/Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["MYCOTRAINING SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MYCOTRAINING SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000174"]}]},{"name":"EU-FEDER","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"EU-FEDER","award":["BIOGAL PID2020-116761GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIOGAL PID2020-116761GB-I00"]}]},{"name":"EU-FEDER","award":["MYCOTRAINING SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MYCOTRAINING SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000174"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM)","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM)","award":["BIOGAL PID2020-116761GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIOGAL PID2020-116761GB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM)","award":["MYCOTRAINING SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MYCOTRAINING SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000174"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last two years, the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a scientific and social challenge worldwide. Vaccines have been the most effective intervention for reducing virus transmission and disease severity. However, genetic virus variants are still circulating among vaccinated individuals with different disease symptomatology. Understanding the protective- or disease-associated mechanisms in vaccinated individuals is relevant to advances in vaccine development and implementation. To address this objective, serum-protein profiles were characterized by quantitative proteomics and data-analysis algorithms in four cohorts of uninfected and SARS-CoV-2-infected vaccinated individuals with asymptomatic, non-severe, and severe disease symptomatology. The results show that immunoglobulins were the most overrepresented proteins in infected cohorts when compared to PCR-negative individuals. The immunoglobulin profile varied between different infected cohorts and correlated with protective- or disease-associated capacity. Overrepresented immunoglobulins in PCR-positive individuals correlated with protective response against SARS-CoV-2, other viruses, and thrombosis in asymptomatic cases. In non-severe cases, correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 and HBV together with risk of myasthenia gravis and allergy and autoantibodies were observed. Patients with severe symptoms presented risk for allergy, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and autoantibodies. The analysis of underrepresented immunoglobulins in PCR-positive compared to PCR-negative individuals identified vaccine-induced protective epitopes in various coronavirus proteins, including the spike receptor-binding domain RBD. Non-immunoglobulin proteins were associated with COVID-19 symptoms and biological processes. These results evidence host-associated differences in response to vaccination and the possibility of improving vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"5933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Correlates with Vaccine Protective Capacity and COVID-19 Disease Symptoms Identified by Serum Proteomics in Vaccinated Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4172-9079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Villar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Urra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine School, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha (UCLM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Artigas-Jer\u00f3nimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7897-1304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Mazuecos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1505-5624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marinela","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0411-7738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Vaz-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-del-R\u00edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Medical Service Horcajo de los Montes, 13110 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gort\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-00104-8","article-title":"The pandemic\u2019s true death toll: Millions more than official counts","volume":"601","author":"Adam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhary, J.K., Yadav, R., Chaudhary, P.K., Maurya, A., Kant, N., Rugaie, O.A., Haokip, H.R., Yadav, D., Roshan, R., and Prasad, R. 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