{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:57:51Z","timestamp":1787029071267,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre (NCN), Poland","award":["PRELUDIUM BIS 1 (2019\/35\/O\/ST5\/02746)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRELUDIUM BIS 1 (2019\/35\/O\/ST5\/02746)"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre (NCN), Poland","award":["04\/020\/RGP20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04\/020\/RGP20"]}]},{"name":"Silesian University of Technology","award":["PRELUDIUM BIS 1 (2019\/35\/O\/ST5\/02746)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRELUDIUM BIS 1 (2019\/35\/O\/ST5\/02746)"]}]},{"name":"Silesian University of Technology","award":["04\/020\/RGP20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04\/020\/RGP20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of smart nanocarriers that can modulate therapeutic release aided by biological cues can prevent undesirable cytotoxicity caused by the premature release of cytotoxic drugs during nanocarrier circulation. In this report, degradable nanocarriers based on pH\/reduction dual-responsive nanogels were synthesized to encapsulate doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and specifically boost the release of DOX in conditions characteristic of the cancer microenvironment. Nanogels containing anionic monomer 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA) and N,N\u2032-bis(acryloyl)cystamine (CBA) as a degradable crosslinker have been successfully synthesized via photoinitiated free radical polymerization. The loading process was conducted after polymerization by taking advantage of the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged nanogels and the positively charged DOX. In this case, a high drug loading capacity (DLC) of up to 27.89% was achieved. The entrapment of DOX into a nanogel network could prevent DOX from aggregating in biological media at DOX concentrations up to ~160 \u00b5g\/mL. Anionic nanogels had an average hydrodynamic diameter (dH) of around 90 nm with a negative zeta (\u03b6) potential of around \u221225 mV, making them suitable for targeting cancer tissue via the enhanced permeation effect. DOX-loaded nanogels formed a stable dispersion in different biological media, including serum-enriched cell media. In the presence of glutathione (GSH) and reduced pH, drug release was enhanced, which proves dual responsivity. An in vitro study using the HCT 116 colon cancer cell line demonstrated the enhanced cytotoxic effect of the NG-CBA\/DOX-1 nanogel compared to free DOX. Taken together, pH\/reduction dual-responsive nanogels show promise as drug delivery systems for anticancer therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T23:16:36Z","timestamp":1663197396000},"page":"5983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["pH and Reduction Dual-Responsive Nanogels as Smart Nanocarriers to Resist Doxorubicin Aggregation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3807-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Maruf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Milewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6592-4875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Wandzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2017.1380655","article-title":"Advances in nano-delivery systems for doxorubicin: An updated insight","volume":"26","author":"Kanwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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