{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T22:09:47Z","timestamp":1778710187696,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES (Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014C\u00f3digo Financeiro 001)","award":["403496\/2013-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403496\/2013-6"]}]},{"name":"CAPES (Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014C\u00f3digo Financeiro 001)","award":["2013\/07276-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/07276-1"]}]},{"name":"CAPES (Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014C\u00f3digo Financeiro 001)","award":["2018\/18953-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/18953-8"]}]},{"name":"CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["403496\/2013-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403496\/2013-6"]}]},{"name":"CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["2013\/07276-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/07276-1"]}]},{"name":"CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["2018\/18953-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/18953-8"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo\/CEPOF (Centro de Pesquisas em \u00d3ptica e Fot\u00f4nica)","award":["403496\/2013-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403496\/2013-6"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo\/CEPOF (Centro de Pesquisas em \u00d3ptica e Fot\u00f4nica)","award":["2013\/07276-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/07276-1"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo\/CEPOF (Centro de Pesquisas em \u00d3ptica e Fot\u00f4nica)","award":["2018\/18953-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/18953-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most widely used molecules used for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a precursor in the synthesis of tetrapyrroles such as chlorophyll and heme. The 5-ALA skin permeation is considerably reduced due to its hydrophilic characteristics, decreasing its local bioavailability and therapeutic effect. For this reason, five different systems containing polymeric particles of poly [D, L\u2013lactic\u2013co\u2013glycolic acid (PLGA)] were developed to encapsulate 5-ALA based on single and double emulsions methodology. All systems were standardized (according to the volume of reagents and mass of pharmaceutical ingredients) and compared in terms of laboratory scaling up, particle formation and stability over time. UV-VIS spectroscopy revealed that particle absorption\/adsorption of 5-ALA was dependent on the method of synthesis. Different size distribution was observed by DLS and NTA techniques, revealing that 5-ALA increased the particle size. The contact angle evaluation showed that the system hydrophobicity was dependent on the surfactant and the 5-ALA contribution. The FTIR results indicated that the type of emulsion influenced the particle formation, as well as allowing PEG functionalization and interaction with 5-ALA. According to the 1H-NMR results, the 5-ALA reduced the T1 values of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and PLGA in the double emulsion systems due to the decrease in molecular packing in the hydrophobic region. The results indicated that the system formed by single emulsion containing the combination PVA\u2013PEG presented greater stability with less influence from 5-ALA. This system is a promising candidate to successfully encapsulate 5-ALA and achieve good performance and specificity for in vitro skin cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T01:35:10Z","timestamp":1663292110000},"page":"6029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["PLGA-PVA-PEG Single Emulsion Method as a Candidate for Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA) Encapsulation: Laboratory Scaling Up and Stability Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Geisiane Rosa","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 13560-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda Luizetto","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomed\u2014Innovation in Nanotechnology, S\u00e3o Paulo 13560-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-3555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey Coatrini","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 13560-110, Brazil"},{"name":"Embrapa Instrumentation, S\u00e3o Paulo 13560-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marinalva Cardoso","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96203-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra Cruz","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96203-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1311-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015etefan","family":"\u0162\u0103lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 15 Constantin Daicoviciu St., 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Rodrigues de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96203-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4833-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanderlei Salvador","family":"Bagnato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 13560-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1446-723X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar Aparecido","family":"Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanostructured Polymers (NANOPOL), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1940-186X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Mayumi","family":"Inada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 13560-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, August 15). 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