{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:31:19Z","timestamp":1792013479326,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["2021C02023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) plays an essential role in the international pharmaceutical industry due to its rich resources and unique curative properties. The flowers, stems, and leaves of Fritillaria contain a wide range of phytochemical compounds, including flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, and alkaloids, which may be useful for medicinal purposes. Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. Bulbs are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine as expectorants and antitussives. In this paper, a feasibility study is presented that examines the use of hyperspectral imaging integrated with convolutional neural networks (CNN) to distinguish twelve (12) Fritillaria varieties (n = 360). The performance of support vector machines (SVM) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was compared with that of convolutional neural network (CNN). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the presence of cluster trends in the spectral data. To optimize the performance of the models, cross-validation was used. Among all the discriminant models, CNN was the most accurate with 98.88%, 88.89% in training and test sets, followed by PLS-DA and SVM with 92.59%, 81.94% and 99.65%, 79.17%, respectively. The results obtained in the present study revealed that application of HSI in conjunction with the deep learning technique can be used for classification of Fritillaria thunbergii varieties rapidly and non-destructively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T02:06:50Z","timestamp":1663553210000},"page":"6042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Deep Learning Combined with Hyperspectral Imaging Technology for Variety Discrimination of Fritillaria thunbergii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9704-0065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Hilal","family":"Kabir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Bio-Resource Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi PMB 0248, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1156-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahamed Lamine","family":"Guindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongqin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0266-6896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinmeng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258619","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/258619","article-title":"Deep convolutional neural networks for hyperspectral image classification","volume":"2015","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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