{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:52:39Z","timestamp":1789710759846,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some soil microbes, with their diverse inhabitance, biologically active metabolites, and endospore formation, gave them characteristic predominance and recognition among other microbial communities. The present study collected ten soil samples from green land, agricultural and marshy soil sites of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. After culturing on described media, the bacterial isolates were identified through phenotypic, biochemical and phylogenetic analysis. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed three bacterial isolates, A6S7, A1S6, and A1S10, showing 99% nucleotides sequence similarity with Brevibacillus formosus, Bacillus Subtilis and Paenibacillus dendritiformis. The crude extract was prepared from bacterial isolates to assess the anti-bacterial potential against various targeted multidrug-resistant strains (MDRS), including Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (BAA-1683), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (BAA-2108), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 292013), Escherichia coli (ATCC25922) and Salmonella typhi (ATCC 14028). Our analysis revealed that all bacterial extracts possess activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria at a concentration of 5 mg\/mL, efficiently restricting the growth of E. coli compared with positive control ciprofloxacin. The study concluded that the identified species have the potential to produce antimicrobial compounds which can be used to control different microbial infections, especially MDRS. Moreover, the analysis of the bacterial extracts through GC-MS indicated the presence of different antimicrobial compounds such as propanoic acid, oxalic acid, phenol and hexadecanoic acid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T01:41:58Z","timestamp":1664156518000},"page":"6281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Bacterial Isolates from Soil Samples and Evaluation of their Antibacterial Potential against MDRS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Shahida","family":"Sadiqi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21300, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur 21120, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farooq","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21300, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3102-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur 21120, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qismat","family":"Shakeela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21300, KP, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad 22020, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shehzad","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21300, KP, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7596-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"Ayaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-3057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1240-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saddam","family":"Saqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0387-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazal","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6864-2366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wajid","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"487","article-title":"Comparative in vitro activity of selected antibacterial agents against Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized patients suffering UTI","volume":"35","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s13765-018-0392-2","article-title":"Pseudomonas veronii KJ mitigates flood stress-associated damage in Sesamum indicum L.","volume":"61","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-019-0450-4","article-title":"Profiling of ACC synthase gene (ACS11) expression in Arabidopsis induced by abiotic stresses","volume":"62","author":"Eun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-11772-x","article-title":"Possible mechanisms for the equilibrium of ACC and role of ACC deaminase-producing bacteria","volume":"106","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaquat, F., Munis, M.F.H., Haroon, U., Arif, S., Saqib, S., Zaman, W., Khan, A.R., Shi, J., Che, S., and Liu, Q. (2020). Evaluation of metal tolerance of fungal strains isolated from contaminated mining soil of Nanjing, China. Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9120469"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"563","article-title":"Isolation of antimicrobial producing bacteria from soil samples collected from Bhopal Region of Madhya Pradesh, India","volume":"3","author":"Mashoria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2008.16","article-title":"Microbial drug discovery: 80 years of progress","volume":"62","author":"Demain","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"494","article-title":"Antimicrobial producing microbes isolated from soil samples collected from Nanga Merit Forest in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo","volume":"4","author":"Lihan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky019","article-title":"Discovery and development of new antibacterial drugs: Learning from experience?","volume":"73","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1021\/id500052s","article-title":"Solving the antibiotic crisis","volume":"1","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.103966","article-title":"Characterization and phytostimulatory activity of bacteria isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizosphere","volume":"140","author":"Sunera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00989-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00989-17","article-title":"Novel antibiotic resistance determinants from agricultural soil exposed to antibiotics widely used in human medicine and animal farming","volume":"83","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2011.562482","article-title":"Rare actinomycetes: A potential storehouse for novel antibiotics","volume":"32","author":"Tiwari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1979","article-title":"Antibiogram of ESBL and MBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa among the population of Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan","volume":"70","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.80a.12182","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: A menace to our most vulnerable patients","volume":"80","author":"Perez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clevel. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.48129\/kjs.v48i2.8495","article-title":"Extended-spectrum and Metallo-beta lactamase enzymes mediated resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinically isolated specimens","volume":"48","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kuwait J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23182","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and use of iron oxide nano particles for antibacterial activity","volume":"82","author":"Saqib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2014-0613","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides of the genus Bacillus: A new era for antibiotics","volume":"61","author":"Sumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00663-10","article-title":"Detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in beta-hemolytic streptococci by using the CLSI broth microdilution test and erythromycin-clindamycin combinations","volume":"48","author":"Bowling","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04454-1","article-title":"Identification and bioactivities of two endophytic fungi Fusarium fujikuroi and Aspergillus tubingensis from foliar parts of Debregeasia salicifolia","volume":"45","author":"Nisa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/01490451.2018.1551947","article-title":"Geochemistry and bacterial recovery from Hindu Kush Range glacier and their potential for metal resistance and antibiotic production","volume":"36","author":"Rafiq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomicrobiol. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23553","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of microbial mediated cadmium oxide nanoparticles","volume":"83","author":"Asghar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2016.506.099","article-title":"Isolation and screening of Bacillus species from sediments and application in bioremediation","volume":"5","author":"Tariq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.5530\/ijpi.2019.4.32","article-title":"Production and Optimization of Xylanase Enzyme from Bacillus subtilis using Agricultural Wastes by Solid State Fermentation","volume":"9","author":"Marimuthu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4019-y","article-title":"A novel strain of Brevibacillus laterosporus produces chitinases that contribute to its biocontrol potential","volume":"97","author":"Prasanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Studies on brevicin AF01: A bacteriocin like inhibitory substance active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"39","author":"Faheem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-007-9000-0","article-title":"Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against Vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"55","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miljkovic, M., Jovanovic, S., O\u2019Connor, P.M., Mirkovic, N., Jovcic, B., Filipic, B., Dinic, M., Studholme, D.J., Fira, D., and Cotter, P.D. (2019). Brevibacillus laterosporus strains BGSP7, BGSP9 and BGSP11 isolated from silage produce broad spectrum multi-antimicrobials. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216773"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/02726351.2018.1508098","article-title":"Actinobacterial enzyme mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles for antibacterial, mosquito larvicidal and anthelminthic applications","volume":"38","author":"Ramya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.120681","article-title":"Purification and biochemical characterization of a highly thermostable bacteriocin isolated from Brevibacillus brevis strain GM100","volume":"77","author":"Ghadbane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"252","article-title":"Comparative study of two bacteriocins produced by representative indigenous soil bacteria","volume":"22","author":"Saleem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02414-0","article-title":"Paenibacillus elgii sp. nov., with broad antimicrobial activity","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"475","article-title":"Bioactivity of stigmasterol isolated from the aerial part of Spillanthes acmella (Murr) on selected microorganism","volume":"3","author":"Yinusa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"110","article-title":"Bioactive compounds from marine bacterium Bacillus subtilis strain HD16b by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"5","author":"Phuong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23233","DOI":"10.17795\/ajcmi-23233","article-title":"Isolation and identification of Bacillus species from soil and evaluation of their antibacterial properties","volume":"2","author":"Amin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/19\/6281\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:38:21Z","timestamp":1760143101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/19\/6281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27196281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27196281","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]}}}