{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:29:20Z","timestamp":1788571760827,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000980","name":"Grains Research and Development Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DJP2203-005RTX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DJP2203-005RTX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000980","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The faba bean is one of the earliest domesticated crops, with both economic and environmental benefits. Like most legumes, faba beans are high in protein, and can be used to contribute to a balanced diet, or as a meat substitute. However, they also produce the anti-nutritional compounds, vicine and convicine (v-c), that when enzymatically degraded into reactive aglycones can potentially lead to hemolytic anemia or favism. Current methods of analysis use LC-UV, but are only suitable at high concentrations, and thus lack the selectivity and sensitivity to accurately quantitate the low-v-c genotypes currently being developed. We have developed and fully validated a rapid high-throughput LC-MS method for the analysis of v-c in faba beans by optimizing the extraction protocol and assessing the method of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, accuracy, precision and matrix effects. This method uses 10-times less starting material; removes the use of buffers, acids and organic chemicals; and improves precision and accuracy when compared to current methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T01:41:58Z","timestamp":1664156518000},"page":"6288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Simple High-Throughput Method for the Analysis of Vicine and Convicine in Faba Bean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Elkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8442-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone J.","family":"Rochfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"},{"name":"School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Panozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Agriculture Innovation, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1071\/CP19017","article-title":"Nutritional and anti-nutritional seed-quality traits of faba bean (Vicia faba) grown in South Australia","volume":"70","author":"Skylas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crop Pasture Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.07.051","article-title":"Eliminating vicine and convicine, the main anti-nutritional factors restricting faba bean usage","volume":"91","author":"Khazaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.110038","article-title":"Nutritional and antinutritional composition of fava bean (Vicia faba L., var. minor) cultivars","volume":"140","author":"Frokiaer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.08.040","article-title":"Quantification of vicine and convicine in faba bean seeds using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography","volume":"240","author":"Purves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32452","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32452","article-title":"Degradation of vicine, convicine and their aglycones during fermentation of faba bean flour","volume":"6","author":"Rizzello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.05.077","article-title":"Determination and stability of divicine and isouramil produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of vicine and convicine of faba bean","volume":"212","author":"Pulkkinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-014-0270-2","article-title":"Nutritional and antinutritional attributes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasms growing in Bihar, India","volume":"21","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740320102","article-title":"Effect of genotype and environment on vicine and convicine levels in fababeans (Vicia faba minor)","volume":"32","author":"Pitz","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(95)00870-5","article-title":"Accumulation of vicine and convicine in Vicia faba and V. Narbonensis","volume":"42","author":"Ramsay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1017\/S1479262113000105","article-title":"A baseline study of vicine\u2013convicine levels in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasm","volume":"11","author":"Khamassi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Genet. Resour."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60073-2","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency","volume":"371","author":"Cappellini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01972272","article-title":"High-performance reversed-phase liquid chromatography (HPLC) of favism-inducing factors in Vicia faba L.","volume":"38","author":"Lattanzio","year":"1982","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.05.031","article-title":"Determination of vicine and convicine from faba bean with an optimized high-performance liquid chromatographic method","volume":"76","author":"Pulkkinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)81950-0","article-title":"Rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of vicine, convicine and related compounds","volume":"208","author":"Marquardt","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/19\/6288\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:38:28Z","timestamp":1760143108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/19\/6288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27196288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27196288","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]}}}