{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T09:13:24Z","timestamp":1788081204092,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]],"date-time":"2022-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grant of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran","award":["IR.ZAUMS.REC.1399.046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR.ZAUMS.REC.1399.046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High concentrations of antibiotics have been identified in aqueous media, which has diminished the quality of water resources. These compounds are usually highly toxic and have low biodegradability, and there have been reports about their mutagenic or carcinogenic effects. The aim of this study was to apply zero-valent iron-oxide nanoparticles in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and the sonolysis process for the removal of the amoxicillin antibiotic from aqueous media. In this study, zero-valent iron nanoparticles were prepared by an iron chloride reduction method in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and the obtained nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). Then, using a Fenton-like process, synthetic wastewater containing 100 to 500 mg\/L amoxicillin antibiotic was investigated, and the effects of different parameters, such as the frequency (1 and 2 kHz), contact time (15 to 120 min), the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (0.3%, 0.5%, and 6%), the dose of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 g\/L), and pH (3, 5, 10) were thoroughly studied. A pH of 3, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 3%, ultrasonic-wave frequency of 130 kHz, zero-valent iron nanoparticles of 0.5 g\/L, and contaminant concentration of 100 mg\/L were obtained as the optimal conditions of the combined US\/H2O2\/nZVI process. Under the optimal conditions of the combined process of zero-valent iron nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ultrasonic waves, a 99.7% removal efficiency of amoxicillin was achieved in 120 min. The results show that the combined US\/H2O2\/nZVI process could be successfully used to remove environmental contaminants, including antibiotics such as amoxicillin, with a high removal percentage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T01:41:58Z","timestamp":1664156518000},"page":"6308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Removal of Amoxicillin from Aqueous Media by Fenton-like Sonolysis\/H2O2 Process Using Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1979-4800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leili","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Kamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran"},{"name":"Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Asghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Mohammadpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84636, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Golaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4766-9214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas","family":"Rahdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1516-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Kyzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2007.02.011","article-title":"GC-MS and HPLC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Pharmaceuticals and Personal-Care Products in Environmental Matrices","volume":"26","author":"Hao","year":"2007","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. 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