{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:45:28Z","timestamp":1782218728987,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taif University","award":["TURSP-2020\/295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP-2020\/295"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were applied to evaluate the tin dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) amalgamated by the sol-gel process. XRD was used to examine the tetragonal-shaped crystallite with an average size of 26.95 (\u00b11) nm, whereas the average particle size estimated from the TEM micrograph is 20.59 (\u00b12) nm. A dose-dependent antifun3al activity was performed against two fungal species, and the activity was observed to be increased with an increase in the concentration of SnO2 NPs. The photocatalytic activity of SnO2 NPs in aqueous media was tested using Rhodamine 6G (Rh-6G) under solar light illumination. The Rh-6G was degraded at a rate of 0.96 \u00d7 10\u22122 min for a total of 94.18 percent in 350 min.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:50:01Z","timestamp":1665449401000},"page":"6750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Investigations into the Antifungal, Photocatalytic, and Physicochemical Properties of Sol-Gel-Produced Tin Dioxide Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9424-2531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirajul","family":"Haq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muazaffabad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US-Pakistan Centre for Advance Studies in Energy, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5687-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Imran","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Department, National Centre for Physics (NCP), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Elmnasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher institute of Biotechnology, University of Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Ariana 2010, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manel Ben","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-4728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa","family":"Baazeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3476-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amor","family":"Hedfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimsha","family":"Ehsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muazaffabad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.4172\/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000263","article-title":"Antifungal Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Selected Fungi Isolated from Raw and Waste Water","volume":"79","author":"Alananbeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.37506\/ijfmt.v15i4.16815","article-title":"Review of Fungal Infection in Human Beings and Role of COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Mahdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Forensic Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashem, A.H., Abdelaziz, A.M., Askar, A.A., Fouda, H.M., Khalil, A.M.A., Abd-Elsalam, K.A., and Khaleil, M.M. (2021). Bacillus megaterium-mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and their antifungal activity against rhizoctonia solani in faba bean plants. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030195"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.01.012","article-title":"Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Malva parviflora and their antifungal activity","volume":"28","author":"Perveen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2012.09.069","article-title":"Antifungal activity of gold nanoparticles prepared by solvothermal method","volume":"48","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abomuti, M.A., Danish, E.Y., Firoz, A., Hasan, N., and Malik, M.A. (2021). Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using salvia officinalis leaf extract and their photocatalytic and antifungal activities. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111075"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00365","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Aqueous Rhodamine 6G Using Supported TiO2 Catalysts. A Model for the Removal of Organic Contaminants from Aqueous samples","volume":"8","author":"Pino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025511","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab6b58","article-title":"Enhancement the rhodamine 6G adsorption property on Fe3O4-composited biochar derived from rice husk","volume":"7","author":"Suwunwong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, L.C., Barrocas, B., and Jorge, M.E.M. (2018, January 25\u201327). Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine 6G using TiO2\/WO3 Bilayered Films Produced by Reactive Sputtering. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology, Funchal, Portugal.","DOI":"10.5220\/0006751203340340"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025012","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab6fa1","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of tin dioxide nanoparticles for photocatalytic and antimicrobial studies","volume":"7","author":"Haq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03534-z","article-title":"Green synthesis of  SnO2 nanoparticles using Delonix elata leaf extract: Evaluation of its structural, optical, morphological and photocatalytic properties","volume":"2","author":"Surendhiran","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.07.052","article-title":"Green synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticle using Lycopersicon esculentum peel extract","volume":"1197","author":"Nava","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/jccs.201000034","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of High Surface Area Tin Oxide Nanoparticles via the Sol-Gel Method as a Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Styrene Synthesis and Characterization of High Surface Area Tin Oxide Nanoparticles via the Sol-Gel Method as a Catal","volume":"57","author":"Adnan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chin. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4231046","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4231046","article-title":"The High Photocatalytic Activity of SnO2 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Hydrothermal Method","volume":"2016","author":"Viet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s40995-020-00885-5","article-title":"Green Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles for Catalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B","volume":"44","author":"Suvaitha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. A Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-019-01256-3","article-title":"Modeling, Thermodynamic Study and Sorption Mechanism of Cadmium Ions onto Isopropyl Alcohol Mediated Tin Dioxide Nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Haq","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"45","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrafine SnO2 Nanoparticles via Solvothermal Process","volume":"2","author":"Gajendiran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.08.217","article-title":"Two-dimensional porous carbon-coated sandwich-like mesoporous SnO2\/graphene\/mesoporous SnO2 nanosheets towards high-rate and long cycle life lithium-ion batteries","volume":"361","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105035","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab38c8","article-title":"Adsorption of Cd2+ ions onto SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized via sol-gel method: Physiochemical study","volume":"6","author":"Haq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/00945718608057530","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity studies on some ternary complexes of Cu(II) with acetylacetone and various salicylic acids","volume":"16","author":"Anjaneyulu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Synth. React. Inorg. Met.-Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-018-6720-9","article-title":"Photocatalytic Performance of SnO2:Mo Nanopowders Against the Degradation of Methyl Orange and Rhodamine B Dyes Under Visible Light Irradiation","volume":"48","author":"Manjula","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045045","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aafd42","article-title":"Photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of Paeonia emodi mediated silver oxide nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.114260","article-title":"Green fabrication and physicochemical investigations of zinc-cobalt oxide nanocomposite for wastewater treatment","volume":"318","author":"Haq","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104725","article-title":"Phytogenic fabrication of ZnO and gold decorated ZnO nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B","volume":"9","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/19\/6750\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:49:08Z","timestamp":1760143748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/19\/6750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27196750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27196750","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]}}}