{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T04:10:22Z","timestamp":1788840622063,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NOR\/POLNORCCS\/PhotoRed\/0007\/2019-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOR\/POLNORCCS\/PhotoRed\/0007\/2019-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aimed to obtain hybrid composites based on photoactive metal oxide and carbon having adsorption properties. The materials, composed of titanium dioxide or zinc oxide and spherical carbon, were obtained from resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, treated in a solvothermal reactor heated with microwaves and then subjected to carbonization, were received. The functional groups of pure carbon spheres (unsaturated stretching C=C, stretching C\u2212OH and C\u2212H bending vibrations), CS\/ZnO and CS\/TiO2 samples were determined by FT-IR analysis. The characteristic bands for ZnO and TiO2 were observed below 1000 cm\u22121. The thermal oxidative properties are similar for TiO2- and ZnO-modified carbon spheres. We have observed that the increased carbon sphere content in nanocomposites results in starting the decomposition process at a lower temperature, therefore, nanocomposites have a broader combustion temperature range. The effect of the oxides\u2019 addition to carbon spheres on their adsorption properties was evaluated in detail by examining CO2 adsorption from the gas phase. The selectivity of CO2 over N2 at a temperature of 25 \u00b0C and pressure of 1 bar (a novelty in testing CS-based sorbents) calculated for 3.00 CS\/TiO2 and 4.00 CS\/ZnO was 15.09 and 16.95, respectively. These nanocomposites exhibit excellent cyclic stability checked over 10 consecutive adsorption\u2013desorption cycles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27206802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T02:10:27Z","timestamp":1665540627000},"page":"6802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["CO2 Sorbents Based on Spherical Carbon and Photoactive Metal Oxides: Insight into Adsorption Capacity, Selectivity and Regenerability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9878-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Pe\u0142ech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9908-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Kusiak-Nejman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2160-5431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Staciwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sibera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, al. Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kapica-Kozar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7240-4499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wanag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Latzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Paw\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrianna","family":"Michalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Narkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2606-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni W.","family":"Morawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2022, June 26). Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/06\/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, June 26). Our World in Data. Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/emissions-by-sector."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.04.017","article-title":"Valuing the greenhouse gas emissions from nuclear power: A critical survey","volume":"36","author":"Sovacool","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1039\/C3EE42350F","article-title":"Carbon capture and storage update","volume":"7","author":"Abanades","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.201600747","article-title":"Carbon capture and utilization update","volume":"5","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2019.00009","article-title":"An overview of the status and challenges of CO2 storage in minerals and geological formations","volume":"1","author":"Kelemen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Clim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-010-0454-6","article-title":"CO2 geological storage: A review on present and future prospects","volume":"28","author":"Zahid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2011.08.022","article-title":"A review of research progress on CO2 capture, storage, and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences","volume":"108","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01133-3","article-title":"Recent advances in carbon capture storage and utilisation technologies: A review","volume":"19","author":"Osman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.11.018","article-title":"Cryogenic-based CO2 capture technologies: State-of-the-art developments and current challenges","volume":"101","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2018.00149","article-title":"Graphene oxide and derivatives: The place in graphene family","volume":"6","author":"Dideikin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fron. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01153-z","article-title":"Carbon materials as CO2 adsorbents: A review","volume":"19","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2005.07.016","article-title":"Carbon nanospheres produced in an arc-discharge process","volume":"44","author":"Qiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2011.03.020","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, and KOH activation of carbon spheres from glucose","volume":"346","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2019.109108","article-title":"Chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon spheres: Effects of temperature and hydrogen","volume":"172","author":"Panickar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10649","DOI":"10.1021\/am502324m","article-title":"Tunable, functional carbon spheres derived from rapid synthesis of resorcinol-formaldehyde resins","volume":"6","author":"Pol","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5947","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201102011","article-title":"Extension of the St\u00f6ber method to the preparation of monodisperse resorcinol-formaldehyde resin polymer and carbon spheres","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1021\/am400112m","article-title":"Activated carbon spheres for CO2 adsorption","volume":"5","author":"Wickramaratne","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.17512\/ios.2016.2.1","article-title":"Preparation and studies of adsorption properties of microporous carbon spheres","volume":"19","author":"Choma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Prot. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.09.040","article-title":"CO2 adsorption at nitrogen-doped carbons prepared by K2CO3 activation of urea-modified coconut shell","volume":"511","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2014.06.005","article-title":"Effect of ZnCl2 activation on CO2 adsorption of N-doped nanoporous carbons from polypyrrole","volume":"218","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-015-2789-8","article-title":"Mesoporous activated carbon spheres derived from resorcinol-formaldehyde resin with high performance for supercapacitors","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2016.05.004","article-title":"Developing microporosity in Kevlar\u00ae-derived carbon fibers by CO2 activation for CO2 adsorption","volume":"16","author":"Choma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2018.1460282","article-title":"Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from waste tea by physical activation using steam","volume":"68","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.10.074","article-title":"Potassium salt-assisted synthesis of highly microporous carbon spheres for CO2 adsorption","volume":"82","author":"Ludwinowicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-018-0601-8","article-title":"Preparation and characterisation of carbon spheres for carbon dioxide capture","volume":"26","author":"Sibera","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Porous Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SE00827F","article-title":"Carbon-based photocatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to solar fuels","volume":"4","author":"Kandy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.43.1069","article-title":"Activated carbon sphere with antibacterial characteristics","volume":"43","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6706","DOI":"10.1021\/jp070382w","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of ZnO hollow spheres and ZnO-carbon composite materials using colloidal carbon spheres as templates","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u0142ech, I., Sibera, D., Staciwa, P., Kusiak-Nejman, E., Kapica-Kozar, J., Wanag, A., and Narkiewicz, U. (2021). ZnO\/carbon spheres with excellent regenerability for post-combustion CO2 capture. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216478"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u0142ech, I., Staciwa, P., Sibera, D., Kusiak-Nejman, E., Morawski, A.W., Kapica-Kozar, J., and Narkiewicz, U. (2022). The effect of the modification of carbon spheres with ZnCl2 on the adsorption properties towards CO2. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041387"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13317","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9047693","article-title":"A simple two-step template approach for preparing carbon-doped mesoporous TiO2 hollow microspheres","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550076","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793292015500769","article-title":"Photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon spheres supporting anatase TiO2 prepared by a simple two-step solvothermal approach","volume":"10","author":"Bi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03806","article-title":"Nanocomposite titania-carbon spheres as CO2 and CH4 sorbents","volume":"5","author":"Morawski","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04090-0","article-title":"Photocatalytic hollow TiO2 and ZnO nanospheres prepared by atomic layer deposition","volume":"7","author":"Justh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"3411","article-title":"Germination and growth characteristics of mungbean seeds (Vigna radiata L.) affected by synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Jayarambabu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1366\/000370210791114301","article-title":"A chemometric method for correcting Fourier transform infrared spectra of biomaterials for interference from water in KBr discs","volume":"64","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2010.06.017","article-title":"Carbon spheres","volume":"70","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2298\/PAC1801056F","article-title":"Effect of Tris and acetic acid on the stability of titania nanoparticles in different alcohols and their electrophoretic deposition process","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process. Appl. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109698","article-title":"A stiff ZnO\/carbon foam composite with second-level macroporous structure filled ZnO particles for heavy metal ions removal","volume":"188","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Yu, L., Yao, C., Zhang, F., Zhang, J., and Li, C. (2016). Synthesis and characterization of Gd2O3 hollow microspheres using a template-directed method. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9050323"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.08.054","article-title":"Convenient synthesis of porous carbon nanospheres with tunable pore structure and excellent adsorption capacity","volume":"262","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1021\/cm802141h","article-title":"Carboxylate-rich carbonaceous materials via one-step hydrothermal carbonization of glucose in the presence of acrylic acid","volume":"21","author":"Baccile","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265760","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/265760","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO2 powders (P25) via calcination treatment","volume":"2012","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Photoenergy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2017.05.043","article-title":"Electrochemical heavy metal detection, photocatalytic, photoluminescence, biodiesel production and antibacterial activities of Ag\u2013ZnO nanomaterial","volume":"94","author":"Nagaraju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-011-4706-4","article-title":"Effects of hydrothermal temperature on formation and decoloration characteristics of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"55","author":"Hongbin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.11.053","article-title":"Synthesis and structural features of resorcinol-formaldehyde resin chars containing nickel nanoparticles","volume":"360","author":"Galaburda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(97)00069-9","article-title":"Effect of synthesis pH on the structure of carbon xerogels","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2017.02.004","article-title":"TiO2\/polymeric supported silver nanoparticles applied as superior nanocatalyst in reduction reactions","volume":"92","author":"Sedghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2013.05.025","article-title":"Microporous activated carbon aerogels via a simple subcritical drying route for CO2 capture and hydrogen storage","volume":"179","author":"Robertson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Micropor. Mesopor. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2005.03.002","article-title":"Large-scale synthesis and characterization of carbon spheres prepared by direct pyrolysis of hydrocarbons","volume":"43","author":"Jin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2014-1117","article-title":"Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"87","author":"Thommes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.141028","article-title":"Facile one-step synthetic route to mesoporous N-doped attapulgite (ATP)@carbon composite through hydrothermal carbonization and the application to adsorbing toxic metal ions","volume":"44","author":"Guang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104115","article-title":"Activated-carbon\/TiO2 composites preparation: An original grafting by milling approach for solar water treatment applications","volume":"8","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Marsh, H., and Rodr\u00edguez Reinoso, F. (2006). Activated Carbon, Elsevier Ltd.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690110125","article-title":"Thermodynamics of mixed-gas adsorption","volume":"11","author":"Myers","year":"1965","journal-title":"AIChE J."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/20\/6802\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:50:04Z","timestamp":1760143804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/20\/6802"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27206802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27206802","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]}}}