{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:54:50Z","timestamp":1778644490813,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31971550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971550"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32071619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071619"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31370543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31370543"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31470574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31470574"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019B030301007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B030301007"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2017A020216012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017A020216012"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["31971550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971550"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["32071619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071619"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["31370543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31370543"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["31470574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31470574"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2019B030301007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B030301007"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2017A020216012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017A020216012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in allergic reactions of plants to pathogens and acquired systemic resistance. Thus far, although some research has been conducted on the direct effects of different concentrations of SA on the chemical defense response of treated plant parts (leaves) after at multiple post-treatments times, few research has reported on the systematic effects of non-treated parts (roots). Therefore, we examined direct and systemic effects of SA concentration and time following foliar application on chemical defense responses in maize variety 5422 with two fully expanded leaves. In the experiments, maize leaves were treated with different SA concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mM, and then, the presence of defense chemicals and enzymes in treated leaves and non-treated roots was measured at different time points of 3, 12, 24, 48, 72 h following SA foliar application. The results showed that direct and systemic effects of SA treatment to the leaf on chemical defense responses were related to SA concentration and time of measurement after spraying SA. In treated leaves, total phenolics content increased directly by 28.65% at the time point of 12 h following foliar application of 0.5 mM SA. DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H, 1, 4-benzoxazin-3 (4H)-one) content was directly enhanced by 80.56~551.05% after 3~72 h following 0.5~5.0 mM SA treatments. Polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were directly enhanced after 12~72 h following 0.5~5.0 mM SA treatments, whereas peroxidase and catalase activities were increased after 3~24 h following application of 1.0~5.0 mM SA. In non-treated roots, DIMBOA content and polyphenol oxidase activity were enhanced systematically after 3~48 h following 1.0~5.0 mM SA foliar treatments. Superoxide dismutase activities were enhanced after 3~24 h following 0.5~2.5 mM SA applications, but total phenolics content, peroxidase and catalase activity decreased in some particular concentrations or at the different times of measurement in the SA treatment. It can be concluded that SA foliar application at 1.0 and 2.5 mM produces strong chemical defense responses in maize, with the optimal induction time being 24 h following the foliar application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27206917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"6917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of Salicylic Acid Concentration and Post-Treatment Time on the Direct and Systemic Chemical Defense Responses in Maize (Zea mays L.) Following Exogenous Foliar Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yuanjiao","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinghua","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengxiao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4421-8058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/17429145.2018.1458913","article-title":"Exogenous glutathione attenuates lead-induced oxidative stress in wheat by improving antioxidant defense and physiological mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Hasanuzzaman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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