{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:16:46Z","timestamp":1792095406633,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFC1602202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1602202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial Photodynamic Treatment (aPDT) is a non-thermal sterilization technology, which can inactivate common foodborne pathogens. In the present study, photodynamic inactivation on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with different concentrations of curcumin and light dose was evaluated and the mechanisms were also investigated. The results showed that curcumin-based aPDT could inactivate S. aureus cells by 6.9 log CFU\/mL in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Moreover, the modified Gompertz model presented a good fit at the inactivation data of S. aureus. Photodynamic treatment caused cell membrane damage as revealed by analyzing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Leakage of intracellular constituents further indicated that cell membrane permeability was changed. Flow cytometry with double staining demonstrated that cell membrane integrity and the activity of nonspecific esterase were destroyed. Compared with the control group, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels caused by photodynamic treatment significantly increased. Furthermore, curcumin-based aPDT reduced S. aureus by 5 log CFU\/mL in juices. The color of the juices was also tested using a Chromatic meter, and it was found that b* values were the most markedly influenced by photodynamic treatment. Overall, curcumin-based aPDT had strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus. This approach has the potential to remove foodborne pathogens from liquid food.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27207136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T08:19:06Z","timestamp":1666599546000},"page":"7136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Antibacterial Efficacy and Mechanisms of Curcumin-Based Photodynamic Treatment against Staphylococcus aureus and Its Application in Juices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8453-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13684","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of chloroform fraction from aqueous extract of mugwort leaves (Artemisia argyi L.) against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2021.105743","article-title":"Ultrasound and heat treatment effects on Staphylococcus aureus cell viability in orange juice","volume":"78","author":"Tahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochemistry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.04.015","article-title":"Biofilm-associated persistence of food-borne pathogens","volume":"45","author":"Bridier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-73.6.1101","article-title":"Assessment of Food Safety Practices of Food Service Food Handlers (Risk Assessment Data): Testing a Communication Intervention (Evaluation of Tools)","volume":"73","author":"Chapman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"79","article-title":"Contaminated weaning food: A major risk factor for diarrhoea and asso-ciated malnutrition","volume":"71","author":"Motarjemi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.11.004","article-title":"Cross-contamination and recontamination by Salmonella in foods: A review","volume":"45","author":"Carrasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12241","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52729","article-title":"Phototherapy-based combination strategies for bacterial infection treatment","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12988","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.12988","article-title":"Efficacy of photoactivated curcumin to decontaminate food surfaces under blue light emitting diode","volume":"42","author":"Aurum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109152","article-title":"Effects of the curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation on the quality of cooked oysters with Vibrio parahaemolyticus during storage at different temperature","volume":"345","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107181","article-title":"Eradication of planktonic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its sessile biofilm by curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2019.103314","article-title":"Antibacterial effect and mechanisms of action of 460-470nm light-emitting diode against Listeria mono-cytogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens on the surface of packaged sliced cheese","volume":"86","author":"Hyun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.06.005","article-title":"The effect of photosensitization mediated by curcumin on storage life of fresh date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit","volume":"93","author":"Mereddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12418","article-title":"Perspectives and Trends in the Application of Photodynamic Inactivation for Microbiological Food Safety","volume":"18","author":"Ghate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100150","article-title":"The application of photodynamic inactivation to microorganisms in food","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20150942","article-title":"New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy","volume":"473","author":"Abrahamse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2017.07.003","article-title":"Can microbial cells develop resistance to oxidative stress in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation?","volume":"31","author":"Kashef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801350","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201801350","article-title":"Photosensitizers with Aggregation-Induced Emission: Materials and Biomedical Applications","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00267","article-title":"Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on the Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"7","author":"Bartolomeu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.42922","article-title":"pH responsive superporogen combined with PDT based on poly Ce6 ionic liquid grafted on SiO2 for combating MRSA biofilm infection","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130117","article-title":"Preparation and photodynamic bactericidal effects of curcumin-ll-cyclodextrin complex","volume":"361","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02582-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02582-16","article-title":"Antibacterial Mechanism of 405-Nanometer Light-Emitting Diode against Salmonella at Refrigeration Temperature","volume":"83","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.110941","article-title":"Antibacterial mechanism and preservation effect of curcumin-based photody-namic extends the shelf life of fresh-cut pears","volume":"142","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132178","article-title":"Lipophilized apigenin derivatives produced during the frying process as novel antioxidants","volume":"379","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c00046","article-title":"Quercetin Inhibited the Formation of Lipid Oxidation Products in Thermally Treated Soybean Oil by Trapping Intermediates","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20091","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191220091","article-title":"The chemistry of curcumin: From extraction to therapeutic agent","volume":"19","author":"Priyadarsini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23046","article-title":"Impact of curcumin supersaturation in antibacterial photodynamic therapyueffect of cyclodextrin type and amount: Studies on curcumin and curcuminoides XLV","volume":"101","author":"Hegge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s101030050037","article-title":"Killing of the yeast and hyphal forms of Candida albicans using a light-activated antimicrobial agent","volume":"14","author":"Jackson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.102024","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic efficacy of selected natural photosensitizers against food pathogens: Impacts and interrelationship of process parameters","volume":"32","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulaiman, C., George, B.P., Balachandran, I., and Abrahamse, H. (2022). Photoactive Herbal Compounds: A Green Approach to Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165084"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112567","article-title":"Curcumin combined with photodynamic therapy, promising therapies for the treatment of cancer","volume":"146","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.07.097","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus sphaericus inactivation in infectious clinical solid waste by using steam autoclaving and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide sterilization","volume":"267","author":"Hossain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107566","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of high voltage electro-static field (HVEF) against Staphylococcus aureus in medium plates and food systems","volume":"120","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.008","article-title":"Inactivation of Gram (-) bacteria Salmonella enterica by chlorophyllin-based photosensitization: Mechanism of action and new strategies to enhance the inactiva-tion efficiency","volume":"172","author":"Buchovec","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3","article-title":"Oxidative stress in bacteria and protein damage by reactive oxygen species","volume":"3","author":"Cabiscol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol. Off. J. Span. Soc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01154.x","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of Methylene Blue and Tungsten-Halogen Lamp Light against Food Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"88","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.05.042","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of Burkholderia cepacia by curcumin in combination with EDTA","volume":"111","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2013.06.004","article-title":"Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus by photodynamic action of hypocrellin B","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2017.04.019","article-title":"Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus cell viability, sublethal injury and death induced by synergistic combination of ultrasound and mild heat","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.148","article-title":"Amphiphilic cationic Zn-porphyrins with high pho-todynamic antimicrobial activity","volume":"10","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks414","article-title":"Photodynamic inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum: In vitro activity and the role of oxidative and nitrosative bursts in fungal death","volume":"68","author":"Baltazar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106751","article-title":"Antimicrobial mechanism of pulsed light for the control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its application in carrot juice","volume":"106","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s12393-020-09219-y","article-title":"Mathematical Modeling Used to Evaluate the Effect of UV-C Light Treatment on Microorganisms in Liquid Foods","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-022510-133619","article-title":"Hurdle technology in fruit processing","volume":"2","author":"Gomez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12583","article-title":"An insight into curcumin-based photosensitization as a promising and green food preservation technology","volume":"19","author":"Mereddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.06.011","article-title":"Modeling optimal process conditions for UV-heat inactivation of foodborne pathogens in liquid foods","volume":"60","author":"Gayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.08.015","article-title":"UV-C light inactivation and modeling kinetics of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores in white grape and apple juices","volume":"166","author":"Baysal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2017.04.026","article-title":"Underwater shockwave pretreatment process for improving carotenoid content and yield of extracted carrot (Daucus carota L.) juice","volume":"211","author":"Yasuda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.L., Hu, J.M., Li, S.Y., Hamzah, S.S., Jiang, H.Q., Zhou, A.R., Zeng, S.X., and Lin, S.L. (2019). Curcumin-Based Photodynamic Sterilization for Preservation of Fresh-Cut Hami Melon. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24132374"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107235","article-title":"Light-driven antimicrobial activities of vitamin K3 against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis","volume":"114","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2008.01858.x","article-title":"Effect of sonication on orange juice quality parameters during storage","volume":"44","author":"Tiwari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2011.04.002","article-title":"Sonication improves kasturi lime (Citrus microcarpa) juice quality","volume":"18","author":"Bhat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-021-02581-7","article-title":"Impact of Blue LED Illumination and Natural Photosensitizer on Bacterial Pathogens, Enzyme Activity and Quality Attributes of Fresh-Cut Pineapple Slices","volume":"14","author":"Bhavya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-394","article-title":"Irradiance and Temperature Influence the Bactericidal Effect of 460-Nanometer Light-Emitting Diodes on Salmonella in Orange Juice","volume":"79","author":"Ghate","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.04.011","article-title":"Emerging non-thermal technologies for decontamination of Salmonella in food","volume":"112","author":"Kaavya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, A., Ganzle, M., and Roopesh, M.S. (2019). Inactivation of Escherichia Coli and Salmonella Using 365 and 395 nm High Intensity Pulsed Light Emitting Diodes. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8120679"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.07.014","article-title":"In vitro photodynamic inactivation effects of hypocrellin B on azole-sensitive and resistant Candida albicans","volume":"27","author":"Jan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2019.107445","article-title":"Differences in cellular damage induced by dielec-tric barrier discharge plasma between Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"132","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.01.025","article-title":"UV-C light processing of Cantaloupe melon juice: Evaluation of the impact on microbiological, and some quality characteristics, during refrigerated storage","volume":"103","author":"Fundo","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/20\/7136\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:00:35Z","timestamp":1760144435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/20\/7136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27207136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27207136","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]}}}