{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:16:43Z","timestamp":1792790203597,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the UAE University\u2019s Office of Graduate Studies and Research","award":["21M132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21M132"]}]},{"name":"the UAE University\u2019s Office of Graduate Studies and Research","award":["12M099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12M099"]}]},{"name":"the UAE University\u2019s Office of Graduate Studies and Research","award":["21M132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21M132"]}]},{"name":"UAE University\u2019s Office of Graduate studies and Research","award":["21M132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21M132"]}]},{"name":"UAE University\u2019s Office of Graduate studies and Research","award":["12M099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12M099"]}]},{"name":"UAE University\u2019s Office of Graduate studies and Research","award":["21M132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21M132"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a substantially increasing incidence rate. It is characterized by repetitive behavior, learning difficulties, deficits in social communication, and interactions. Numerous medications, dietary supplements, and behavioral treatments have been recommended for the management of this condition, however, there is no cure yet. Recent studies have examined the therapeutic potential of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in neurodevelopmental diseases, based on their proved anti-inflammatory effects, such as downregulating the expression of several proteins, including the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), nuclear factor \u03baB (NF-\u03baB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1). Furthermore, numerous previous studies revealed the potential of the SGLT2 inhibitors to provide antioxidant effects, due to their ability to reduce the generation of free radicals and upregulating the antioxidant systems, such as glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB). These properties have led to significant improvements in the neurologic outcomes of multiple experimental disease models, including cerebral oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and ischemic stroke, Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), and epilepsy. Such diseases have mutual biomarkers with ASD, which potentially could be a link to fill the gap of the literature studying the potential of repurposing the SGLT2 inhibitors\u2019 use in ameliorating the symptoms of ASD. This review will look at the impact of the SGLT2 inhibitors on neurodevelopmental disorders on the various models, including humans, rats, and mice, with a focus on the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin. Furthermore, this review will discuss how SGLT2 inhibitors regulate the ASD biomarkers, based on the clinical evidence supporting their functions as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T08:19:06Z","timestamp":1666599546000},"page":"7174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Repurposing SGLT2 Inhibitors for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on the Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Moutaz","family":"Nakhal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salahdein","family":"Aburuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0320-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassem","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2789-8514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal","family":"Akour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.12.001","article-title":"Developmental pathways to autism: A review of prospective studies of infants at risk","volume":"39","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.239","article-title":"Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"5","author":"Elsabbagh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Tom, D. (2022, January 03). Autism Facts in The UAE\u2014Autism 101 [Internet]. NAET Dubai. 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