{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T03:03:11Z","timestamp":1791601391034,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Pretoria, Sedibeng Water Chair in Water Utilisation Engineering","award":["4540105923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4540105923"]}]},{"name":"University of Pretoria, Sedibeng Water Chair in Water Utilisation Engineering","award":["IFR200206501999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFR200206501999"]}]},{"name":"University of Pretoria, Sedibeng Water Chair in Water Utilisation Engineering","award":["CSUR210111581519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSUR210111581519"]}]},{"name":"Rand Water Chair in Water Utilisation","award":["4540105923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4540105923"]}]},{"name":"Rand Water Chair in Water Utilisation","award":["IFR200206501999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFR200206501999"]}]},{"name":"Rand Water Chair in Water Utilisation","award":["CSUR210111581519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSUR210111581519"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4540105923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4540105923"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IFR200206501999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFR200206501999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSUR210111581519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSUR210111581519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrokinetic remediation has, in recent years, shown great potential in remediating polluted environments. The technology can efficiently remove heavy metals, chlorophenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenols, trichloroethane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds and entire petroleum hydrocarbons. Electrokinetic remediation makes use of electrolysis, electroosmosis, electrophoresis, diffusion, and electromigration as the five fundamental processes in achieving decontamination of polluted environments. These five processes depend on pH swings, voltage, electrodes, and electrolytes used in the electrochemical system. To apply this technology at the field scale, it is necessary to pursue the design of effective processes with low environmental impact to meet global sustainability standards. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the roles of the fundamental processes and their interactions in achieving effective and sustainable electrokinetic remediation in order to identify cleaner alternative solutions. This paper presents an overview of different processes involved in electrokinetic remediation with a focus on the effect of pH, electrodes, surfactants, and electrolytes that are applied in the remediation of contaminated soil and how these can be combined with cleaner technologies or alternative additives to achieve sustainable electrokinetic remediation. The electrokinetic phenomenon is described, followed by an evaluation of the impact of pH, surfactants, voltage, electrodes, and electrolytes in achieving effective and sustainable remediation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T09:01:42Z","timestamp":1667120502000},"page":"7381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["The Role of pH, Electrodes, Surfactants, and Electrolytes in Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminated Soil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4238-1393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Gidudu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Utilisation and Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6255-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evans M. N.","family":"Chirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Utilisation and Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2021.11.001","article-title":"Electrokinetic remediation of Cd-contaminated soil using low voltage gradients coupled with array adsorption zone and polarity exchange","volume":"157","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123345","article-title":"Removal of inorganic contaminants in soil by electrokinetic remediation technologies: A review","volume":"401","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. 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