{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T10:11:39Z","timestamp":1773483099977,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CIMAV internal project 2022","award":["PI-22-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-22-09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adsorption stand out among other standard techniques used for water treatment because of its remarkable simplicity, easy operation, and high removal capability. Expanded graphite has been selected as a promising agent for oil spill adsorption, but its production involves the generation of corrosive remnants and massive amounts of contaminated washing waters. Although the advantageous use of the H2O2\u2013H2SO4 mixture was described in 1978, reported works using this method are scarce. This work deals with the urgent necessity for the development of alternative chemical routes decreasing their environmental impact (based on green chemistry concepts), presenting a process for expanded graphite production using only two intercalation chemicals, reducing the consumption of sulfuric acid to only 10% and avoiding the use of strong oxidant salts (both environmentally detrimental). Three process parameters were evaluated: milling effect, peroxide concentration, and microwave expansion. Some remarkable results were obtained following this route: high specific volumes elevated oil adsorption rate exhibiting a high oil\u2013water selectivity and rapid adsorption. Furthermore, the recycling capability was checked using up to six adsorption cycles. Results showed that milling time reduces the specimen\u2019s expansion rate and oil adsorption capacity due to poor intercalant insertion and generation of small particle sizes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T06:01:28Z","timestamp":1667282488000},"page":"7399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of Process Parameters on the Graphite Expansion Produced by a Green Modification of the Hummers Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Tarango-Rivero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, CIMAV, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Mendoza-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Tecnolog\u00eda Avanzada (CIATEQ), Eje 126 225, Industrial San Luis, San Luis 78395, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audel","family":"Santos-Beltr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nanotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Chihuahua Sur, Km. 3.5 Carr. Chihuahua-Aldama, Chihuahua 31313, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4529-8643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivanovich","family":"Estrada-Guel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, CIMAV, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos G.","family":"Garay-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, CIMAV, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3190-696X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Piz\u00e1-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, CIMAV, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4351-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia D.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Esparza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico"},{"name":"Subsecretar\u00eda de Inteligencia y An\u00e1lisis Policial, Secretar\u00eda de Seguridad P\u00fablica del Estado, Chihuahua 31313, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8654-3679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Rocha-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Victoria, Ciudad Victoria 87138, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9130-4450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, CIMAV, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vocciante, M., D\u2019auris, A.D.F., and Reverberi, A.P. (2022). A Novel Graphite-Based Sorbent for Oil Spill Cleanup. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15020609"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127724","article-title":"Exfoliated Graphite Blocks with Resilience Prepared by Room Temperature Exfoliation and Their Application for Oil-Water Separation","volume":"424","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89637-y","article-title":"Impact of Diesel and Biodiesel Contamination on Soil Microbial Community Activity and Structure","volume":"11","author":"Mitter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gul Zaman, H., Baloo, L., Pendyala, R., Singa, P.K., Ilyas, S.U., and Kutty, S.R.M. (2021). Produced Water Treatment with Conventional Adsorbents and MOF as an Alternative: A Review. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247607"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-022-05641-6","article-title":"Enhanced Removal of Diesel Oil Using New Magnetic Bentonite-Based Adsorbents Combined with Different Carbon Sources","volume":"233","author":"Ewis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2021.100072","article-title":"Eco-Safe Chemicothermal Conversion of Industrial Graphite Waste to Exfoliated Graphene and Evaluation as Engineered Adsorbent to Remove Toxic Textile Dyes","volume":"4","author":"Ambika","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, S., Li, J., Huang, X., Wang, X., Ma, L., Shen, W., Kang, F., and Huang, Z.H. (2017). Silver Nanoparticles-Loaded Exfoliated Graphite and Its Anti-Bacterial Performance. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7080852"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1021\/je101049g","article-title":"Dye Adsorption on Layered Graphite Oxide","volume":"56","author":"Bradder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.10.026","article-title":"Adsorption and Regeneration of Expanded Graphite Modified by CTAB-KBr\/H3PO4 for Marine Oil Pollution","volume":"233","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saikam, L., Dhanpal Jayram, N., and Sykam, N. (2022, October 20). Rapid Removal of Organic Micropollutants under Aqueous Solutions Using Mesoporous Exfoliated Graphite. Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4111974.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2022.109480"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2009.01.037","article-title":"Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Expanded Graphite Powder","volume":"249","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bannov, A.G., Ukhina, A.V., Maksimovskii, E.A., Prosanov, I.Y., Shestakov, A.A., Lapekin, N.I., Lazarenko, N.S., Kurmashov, P.B., and Popov, M.V. (2021). Highly Porous Expanded Graphite: Thermal Shock vs. Programmable Heating. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247687"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(99)00174-8","article-title":"Heavy Oil Sorption Using Exfoliated Graphite New Application of Exfoliated Graphite to Protect Heavy Oil Pollution","volume":"38","author":"Toyoda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2022, October 09). EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Basics of Green Chemistry, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/greenchemistry\/basics-green-chemistry."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Hirschvogel, A., and Wagner, F. (1978). Method for the Production of Graphite-Hydrogensulfate. (4,091,083), United States Patent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2018.10.009","article-title":"Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Properties of Graphene Oxide in Hummers Method","volume":"141","author":"Yoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"136","article-title":"Environment-Friendly Preparation of Exfoliated Graphite and Functional Graphite Sheets","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6358","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b00147","article-title":"Sustainable Synthesis of High-Surface-Area Graphite Oxide via Dry Ball Milling","volume":"6","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidayah, N.M.S., Liu, W.W., Lai, C.W., Noriman, N.Z., Khe, C.S., Hashim, U., and Lee, H.C. (2017). Comparison on Graphite, Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide: Synthesis and Characterization. AIP Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Physics Inc.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5005764"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-5805(17)60102-1","article-title":"Oxidation of Graphite by Different Modified Hummers Methods","volume":"32","author":"Muzyka","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Carbon Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3906\/kim-2101-19","article-title":"Graphene Preparation and Graphite Exfoliation","volume":"45","author":"MOOSA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2014.11.045","article-title":"Green Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Nanosheets","volume":"63","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-017-1930-2","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Intercalated Graphite Bisulfate","volume":"12","author":"Salvatore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17446","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b08515","article-title":"Two-Step Electrochemical Intercalation and Oxidation of Graphite for the Mass Production of Graphene Oxide","volume":"139","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4806","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1006368","article-title":"Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide","volume":"4","author":"Marcano","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.04.165","article-title":"XPS and Structural Studies of High Quality Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Prepared by Different Chemical Oxidation Methods","volume":"45","author":"Najjar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4186\/ej.2022.26.1.1","article-title":"Synthesis and Adsorption Performance of Graphene Oxide-Polyurethane Sponge for Oil-Water Separation","volume":"26","author":"Kusrini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.08.146","article-title":"One-Step Chemical Exfoliation of Graphite to \u223c100% Few-Layer Graphene with High Quality and Large Size at Ambient Temperature","volume":"355","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.10.013","article-title":"The Chemical and Structural Analysis of Graphene Oxide with Different Degrees of Oxidation","volume":"53","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.07.055","article-title":"An Improved Hummers Method for Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Graphene Oxide","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1039\/c2nr30490b","article-title":"Graphenes Prepared by Staudenmaier, Hofmann and Hummers Methods with Consequent Thermal Exfoliation Exhibit Very Different Electrochemical Properties","volume":"4","author":"Poh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36143","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36143","article-title":"High-Efficient Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Based on Improved Hummers Method","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10454","DOI":"10.1021\/es203439v","article-title":"Few-Layered Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as Superior Sorbents for Heavy Metal Ion Pollution Management","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2010.06.048","article-title":"In-Plane Defects Produced by Ball-Milling of Expanded Graphite","volume":"505","author":"Yue","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wang, G., and Zhang, L. (2022). Green and Simple Production of Graphite Intercalation Compound Used Sodium Bicarbonate as Intercalation Agent. BMC Chem., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-022-00808-y"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.04.118","article-title":"Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Using Modified Hummers Method: Solvent Influence","volume":"184","author":"Zaaba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2009.01.050","article-title":"Thermal Stability of Graphite Oxide","volume":"470","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13453","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201202320","article-title":"Graphite Oxides: Effects of Permanganate and Chlorate Oxidants on the Oxygen Composition","volume":"18","author":"Chua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem.\u2014A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2015.01.005","article-title":"Graphene Oxide Powders with Different Oxidation Degree, Prepared by Synthesis Variations of the Hummers Method","volume":"153","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-012-6294-5","article-title":"Graphene Oxide: The Mechanisms of Oxidation and Exfoliation","volume":"47","author":"Shao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20441","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ra01550a","article-title":"Synthesis of Graphene from Natural and Industrial Carbonaceous Wastes","volume":"4","author":"Akhavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.08.009","article-title":"Graphene Materials with Different Structures Prepared from the Same Graphite by the Hummers and Brodie Methods","volume":"65","author":"Botas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42678","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c09204","article-title":"Graphite Intercalation Compounds Derived by Green Chemistry as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flatc.2022.100432","article-title":"Nanodiamonds as a Knife for Cutting Graphene Multilayers into Ultrafine Pieces under Microwave Irradiation","volume":"36","author":"Alsulami","year":"2022","journal-title":"FlatChem"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b03700","article-title":"Hidden Second Oxidation Step of Hummers Method","volume":"28","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.04.076","article-title":"One-Step Room-Temperature Preparation of Expanded Graphite","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2013.07.072","article-title":"Mass Production of Graphene Oxide from Expanded Graphite","volume":"109","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.04.034","article-title":"Synthesis of Graphene Nano-Sheets Using Eco-Friendly Chemicals and Microwave Radiation","volume":"48","author":"Sridhar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106027","article-title":"Carbon-Enabled Microwave Chemistry: From Interaction Mechanisms to Nanomaterial Manufacturing","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.09.018","article-title":"Effect of Synthesis Method on Solvation and Exfoliation of Graphite Oxide","volume":"52","author":"You","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2018.05.013","article-title":"Highly Efficient Removal of Toxic Organic Dyes, Chemical Solvents and Oils by Mesoporous Exfoliated Graphite: Synthesis and Mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Sykam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.103106","article-title":"Removal of Emulsified and Dissolved Diesel Oil from High Salinity Wastewater by Adsorption onto Graphene Oxide","volume":"7","author":"Diraki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exfoliated Graphite for Spilled Heavy Oil Recovery","volume":"2","author":"Inagaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Carbon Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaafar, M., and Alatabe, A. (2021). Sustainable Oil Adsorption from Produced Water Using Cane Papyrus as Natural Biosorbent. Preprints, 2021100157.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202110.0157.v1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1021\/nn900694t","article-title":"Graphene Oxide: Structural Analysis and Application as a Highly Transparent Support for Electron Microscopy","volume":"3","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119853","article-title":"Effects of Graphite Microstructure Evolution on the Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity of Expanded Graphite\/Paraffin Phase Change Materials and Their Thermal Energy Storage Performance","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5b03502","article-title":"Solvent-Based Exfoliation via Sonication of Graphitic Materials for Graphene Manufacture","volume":"55","author":"Valverde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306573.126","article-title":"Heavy Metal Toxicity: Lessons from a Case of Simultaneous Occupational Exposure to Manganese and Mercury","volume":"84","author":"Shribman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-010-9751-6","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Graphene Oxide","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9490","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201300387","article-title":"Sulfur Species in Graphene Oxide","volume":"19","author":"Eigler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem.\u2014A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8227","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201300824","article-title":"The Toxicity of Graphene Oxides: Dependence on the Oxidative Methods Used","volume":"19","author":"Chng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem.\u2014A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2020.03.002","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide, Reduced Graphene Oxide and Their Nanocomposites with Polyethylene Oxide","volume":"40","author":"Alghyamah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/21\/7399\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:07:01Z","timestamp":1760144821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/21\/7399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27217399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27217399","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]}}}