{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:38:38Z","timestamp":1791225518768,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quercetin (Qu) is a dietary antioxidant and a member of flavonoids in the plant polyphenol family. Qu has a high ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) molecules; hence, exhibiting beneficial effects in preventing obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation. However, quercetin has low bioavailability due to poor water solubility, low absorption, and rapid excretion from the body. To address these issues, the usage of Qu nanosuspensions can improve physical stability, solubility, and pharmacokinetics. Therefore, we developed a Qu and polyethylene glycol nanosuspension (Qu-PEG NS) and confirmed its interaction by Fourier transform infrared analysis. Qu-PEG NS did not show cytotoxicity to HaCaT and RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, Qu-PEG NS effectively reduced the nitrogen oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, Qu-PEG NS effectively lowered the levels of COX-2, NF-\u03baB p65, and IL-1\u03b2 in the LPS-induced inflammatory RAW 264.7 cells. Specifically, Qu-PEG NS exhibited anti-inflammatory properties by scavenging the ROS and RNS and mediated the inhibition of NF-\u03baB signaling pathways. In addition, Qu-PEG NS had a high antioxidant effect and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. Therefore, the developed novel nanosuspension showed comparable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial functions and may also improve solubility and physical stability compared to raw quercetin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T08:15:12Z","timestamp":1667376912000},"page":"7432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidative, and Nitric Oxide-Scavenging Activities of a Quercetin Nanosuspension with Polyethylene Glycol in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5216-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Gu","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi Baek","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3568-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramachandran","family":"Vinayagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8460-8926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geum Sook","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Yong","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova M Healthcare Co., Ltd., 16-53, Jisiksaneop 4-ro, Gyeongsan 38408, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su Jin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova M Healthcare Co., Ltd., 16-53, Jisiksaneop 4-ro, Gyeongsan 38408, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Bum","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova M Healthcare Co., Ltd., 16-53, Jisiksaneop 4-ro, Gyeongsan 38408, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1320","article-title":"The macrophage and its role in inflammation and tissue repair: Mathematical and systems biology approaches","volume":"8","author":"Dunster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip.Rev. 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