{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:25:11Z","timestamp":1790295911129,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFC1522100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC1522100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work was focused on the rust conversion of proanthocyanidins (PC) for goethite (\u03b1-FeOOH), akaganeite (\u03b2-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (\u03b3-FeOOH), trying to show the potential of PC as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor and rust converter for archaeological steel conservation. The experiment used a rusted steel screw from Lingzhao Xuan of the Forbidden City in the Qing Dynasty and three kinds of pure iron oxyhydroxides as research samples. By means of micro-Raman, FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM and EIS, PC had the ability to chemically react with iron oxyhydroxides in the rust, forming amorphous PC-FeOOH with a marked signal about 1384 cm\u22121 as phenolic-Fe in infrared properties. The original relatively stable iron oxides were not induced to phase transformation and still remained. The converted rust layer could be more stable in the corrosive medium and increased the corrosion potential more effectively. Both the rust layer resistance and the charge transfer resistance of the archaeological samples were improved by at least 3 times with 5.0 g\/L of PC, which could reasonably stabilize the archaeological rust and hindered external corrosive penetration into the core. It was a mild protection material that showed satisfactory performance for archaeological steel cultural heritage and has a good application prospect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27227711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T02:11:15Z","timestamp":1668046275000},"page":"7711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rust Conversion of Proanthocyanidins to Archaeological Steel: A Case Study of Lingzhao Xuan in the Forbidden City"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5950-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghao","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Palace Museum, Beijing 100009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasniok, T., Jasniok, M., and Skorkowski, A. 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