{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:44:33Z","timestamp":1779299073634,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"achon University","award":["202103060001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202103060001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious threat to global public health due to its capacity of tolerate conventional antibiotics. Medicinal plants are traditionally used to treat infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens. In the present study, 16 medicinal plants were screened for antibacterial activities to preselect more effective species. Ethanol extracts of selected medicinal plants (Caesalpinia sappan L., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Sanguisorba officinalis L., and Uncaria gambir Roxb) were partitioned successively with different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol, and water). Disc diffusion assay and broth microdilution were performed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of plant extracts and fractions against Staphylococcus aureus strains. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the extracts and fractions was determined against the human hepatoma (HepG2) and human lung carcinoma (A549) cell lines using a trypan blue exclusion method. A few extracts and fractions showed significant inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth of all tested strains, including multidrug-resistance (MDR) clinical isolates. The ethyl acetate fraction of C. sappan had the most potent effects with minimum inhibitory\/bactericidal concentrations (MIC\/MBC) of 31.2\/62.5 \u03bcg\/mL and showed low cytotoxicity with over 90% cell viability in both cells. Our results suggest that medicinal plants have considerable potential as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27227780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:24:10Z","timestamp":1668399850000},"page":"7780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Inhibitory Effects of Selected Medicinal Plants on Bacterial Growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4891-005X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Geun","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Young","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hoon","family":"Yum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You-Jin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mun, Y.S., and Hwang, Y.J. (2019). Novel spa and Multi-Locus Sequence Types (MLST) of Staphylococcus aureus Samples Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Korean. Antibiotics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040202"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8321834","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8321834","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern among Patients\u2014A Multicenter Study in Asmara, Eritrea","volume":"2019","author":"Garoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.32604\/biocell.2019.07664","article-title":"Relationship of multidrug-resistant gene and extended-spectrum carbapenem-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"BIOCELL"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23077","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23077","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and virulence factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with bacteremia","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5721","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01121-13","article-title":"Regional Resistance Surveillance Program Results for 12 Asia-Pacific Nations (2011)","volume":"57","author":"Mendes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masimen, M.A.A., Harun, N.A., Maulidiani, M., and Ismail, W.I.W. (2022). Overcoming Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Using Antimicrobial Peptides-Silver Nanoparticles. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070951"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114369","article-title":"Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Mayan medicinal plants against Methicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"279","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, October 12). Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alibi, S., Crespo, D., and Navas, J. (2021). Plant-Derivatives Small Molecules with Antibacterial Activity. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030231"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132276","article-title":"Evaluation of phytoconstituents from selected medicinal plants and its synergistic antimicrobial activity","volume":"287","author":"Archana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.11.019","article-title":"Indian medicinal plant extracts to control multidrug-resistant S. aureus, including in biofilms","volume":"128","author":"Panda","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.03.022","article-title":"Caspase dependent apoptotic inhibition of melanoma and lung cancer cells by tropical Rubus extracts","volume":"80","author":"George","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, A.E., De Menezes, I.R.A., Bezerra Morais Braga, M.F., Leite, N.F., Barros, L.M., Waczuk, E.P., Pessoa da Silva, M.A., Boligon, A., Teixeira Rocha, J.B., and Souza, D.O. (2016). Antimicrobial Activity and Modulatory Effect of Essential Oil from the Leaf of Rhaphiodon echinus (Nees & Mart) Schauer on Some Antimicrobial Drugs. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21060743"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2020.100338","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Genta Meyche (Southern Ethiopia) for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"22","author":"Guadie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panda, S.K., Mohanta, Y.K., Padhi, L., Park, Y.-H., Mohanta, T.K., and Bae, H. (2016). Large Scale Screening of Ethnomedicinal Plants for Identification of Potential Antibacterial Compounds. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030293"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Famuyide, I.M., Aro, A.O., Fasina, F.O., Eloff, J.N., and McGaw, L.J. (2019). Antibacterial activity and mode of action of acetone crude leaf extracts of under-investigated Syzygium and Eugenia (Myrtaceae) species on multidrug resistant porcine diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1914-9"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7148511","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7148511","article-title":"Phytochemical, Cytotoxicity, and Antimycobacterial Activity Evaluation of Extracts and Compounds from the Stem Bark of Albizia coriaria Welw ex. Oliver","volume":"2022","author":"Obakiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05401","article-title":"Analysis of Eurasian Stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) microbial flora reveals the presence of multi-drug resistant pathogens in agro-pastoral areas of Sicily (Italy)","volume":"6","author":"Foti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2012.02.005","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial potential of Eugenia jambolana seed extracts against multidrug-resistant human bacterial pathogens","volume":"167","author":"Bag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153626","article-title":"Antibacterial plant compounds, extracts and essential oils: An updated review on their effects and putative mechanisms of action","volume":"90","author":"Micol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"7431439","article-title":"Determination of In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Five Sri Lankan Medicinal Plants against Selected Human Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"2019","author":"Rathnayake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2018.07.003","article-title":"Effects of extraction solvents on total phenolic and flavonoid contents and biological activities of extracts from Sudanese medicinal plants","volume":"120","author":"Dirar","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-018-0476-4","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antibacterial mechanism of action from Marsilea minuta leaf hexane: Methanol extract","volume":"12","author":"Arokiyaraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcdf.2014.01.003","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of eight edible mushrooms","volume":"3","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioact. Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-016-2079-2","article-title":"Resazurin-based 96-well plate microdilution method for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of biosurfactants","volume":"38","author":"Elshikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410801886757","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect and resistant regulation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pattananandecha, T., Apichai, S., Julsrigival, J., Ogata, F., Kawasaki, N., and Saenjum, C. (2022). Antibacterial Activity against Foodborne Pathogens and Inhibitory Effect on Anti-Inflammatory Mediators\u2019 Production of Brazilin-Enriched Extract from Caesalpinia sappan Linn. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11131698"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogana, R., Adhikari, A., Tzar, M.N., Ramliza, R., and Wiart, C. (2020). Antibacterial activities of the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from Canarium patentinervium Miq. against bacterial clinical isolates. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2837-5"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.12.075","article-title":"Bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles against propagation of Clavibacter michiganensis infection in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill","volume":"115","author":"Lugo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7809","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S203351","article-title":"Antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of ZnO-based nano-formulations","volume":"14","author":"Nazir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-0791-y","article-title":"Investigation on antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of triple bark extract formulated using traditional medicinal plants","volume":"1","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asong, J.A., Amoo, S.O., McGaw, L.J., Nkadimeng, S.M., Aremu, A.O., and Otang-Mbeng, W. (2019). Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin Diseases. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8090350"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method","volume":"36","author":"Bauer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-022-0013-0","article-title":"Molecular Weight Determination of Chitosan with Antibacterial Activity Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132602","article-title":"Investigation of antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antioxidant and anticancer properties of methanol extracts of Salvia marashica Ilcim, Celep & Dogan and Salvia caespitosa Montbret & Aucher ex Benth plants with medicinal importance","volume":"288","author":"Bostanci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndlovu, B., De Kock, M., Klaasen, J., and Rahiman, F. (2021). In Vitro Comparison of the Anti-Proliferative Effects of Galenia africana on Human Skin Cell Lines. Sci. Pharm., 89.","DOI":"10.3390\/scipharm89010012"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/22\/7780\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:16:43Z","timestamp":1760145403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/22\/7780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27227780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27227780","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]}}}