{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:26:55Z","timestamp":1791851215103,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brazil\u2019s production and consumption of a\u00e7ai pulp (Euterpe oleracea) occur on a large scale. Most of the fruit is formed by the pit, which generates countless tons of residual biomass. A new purpose for this biomass, making its consumption highly sustainable, was presented in this study, where activated carbon (AC) was produced with zinc chloride for later use as an adsorbent. AC carbon formed by carbon and with a yield of 28 % was satisfactorily used as an adsorbent in removing the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Removal efficiency was due to the highly porous surface (Vp = 0.467 cm3 g\u22121; Dp = 1.126 nm) and good surface \u00e1rea (SBET = 920.56 m2 g\u22121). The equilibrium data fit the Sips heterogeneous and homogeneous surface model better. It was observed that the increase in temperature favored adsorption, reaching a maximum experimental capacity of 218 mg g\u22121 at 328 K. The thermodynamic behavior indicated a spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic behavior. The magnitude of the enthalpy of adsorption was in agreement with the physical adsorption. Regardless of the herbicide concentration, the adsorbent displayed fast kinetics, reaching equilibrium within 120 min. The linear driving force (LDF) model provided a strong statistical match to the kinetic curves. AC with zinc chloride (ZnCl2), created from leftover a\u00e7ai biomass, is a potential alternative as an adsorbent for treating effluents containing 2,4-D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27227781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:24:10Z","timestamp":1668399850000},"page":"7781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Transformation of Residual A\u00e7ai Fruit (Euterpe oleracea) Seeds into Porous Adsorbent for Efficient Removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Herbicide from Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Rolando","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Schnorr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55\u201366, Barranquilla 080002, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-565X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordana","family":"Georgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matias Schadeck","family":"Netto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dison S. P.","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvis","family":"Carissimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delmira","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis F. O.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55\u201366, Barranquilla 080002, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4413-8138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Luiz","family":"Dotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2020.100520","article-title":"Investigation the Isotherm and Kinetics of Adsorption Mechanism of Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) on Corn Cob Biochar","volume":"11","author":"Binh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2016.09.039","article-title":"Adsorption of 2,4-D on Magnetic Graphene and Mechanism Study","volume":"509","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. 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