{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:41:45Z","timestamp":1788885705038,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["TKP2021-NKTA-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NKTA-21"]}]},{"name":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2019-00033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2019-00033"]}]},{"name":"2021 Thematic Excellence Program","award":["TKP2021-NKTA-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NKTA-21"]}]},{"name":"2021 Thematic Excellence Program","award":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2019-00033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2019-00033"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["TKP2021-NKTA-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NKTA-21"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2019-00033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2019-00033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium-dioxide-based semiconductors proved to be appropriate for photocatalytic application to efficiently degrade emerging organic pollutants such as various herbicides, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals in waters of environmental importance. The characterization of various TiO2 catalysts, both bare and modified (Ag- and\/or N-doped), by mechanochemical treatment was carried out in this work, regarding their structure, morphology, and photocatalytic activity. For the latter investigations, carbamazepine, an antidepressant, proved to be applicable and versatile. The photocatalytic behavior of the catalysts was studied under both UV and visible light. Besides the decomposition efficiency, monitoring the intermediates provided information on the degradation mechanisms. Mechanochemical treatment significantly increased the particle size (from 30 nm to 10 \u03bcm), causing a considerable (0.14 eV) decrease in the band gap. Depending on the irradiation wavelength and the catalyst, the activity orders differed, indicating that, in the mineralization processes of carbamazepine, the importance of the different oxidizing radicals considerably deviated, e.g., Ag-TiO2 &lt; DP25-TiO2 &lt; ground-DP25-TiO2 &lt; N-TiO2 \u2248 N-Ag-TiO2 for O2\u2022\u2212 and N-TiO2 \u2248 Ag-TiO2 &lt; N-Ag-TiO2 &lt; ground-DP25-TiO2 \u2248 DP25-TiO2 for HO\u2022 generation under UV irradiation. Toxicity studies have shown that the resulting intermediates are more toxic than the starting drug molecule, so full mineralization is required. This could be realized by a synergistic combination of heterogeneous photocatalysis and ozonation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27228041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:33:32Z","timestamp":1669005212000},"page":"8041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characterization of Various Titanium-Dioxide-Based Catalysts Regarding Photocatalytic Mineralization of Carbamazepine also Combined with Ozonation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Kocsis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Inorganic Photochemistry Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erzs\u00e9bet","family":"Szab\u00f3-B\u00e1rdos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Inorganic Photochemistry Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3128-4408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orsolya","family":"F\u00f3nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Inorganic Photochemistry Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2484-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelin","family":"Farsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatj\u00e1na","family":"Juzsakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Research Center for Biochemical, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Jakab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, Research Center for Engineering Sciences, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Pekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Mineralogy Research Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4171-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margit","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Inorganic Photochemistry Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5325-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ott\u00f3","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Inorganic Photochemistry Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krakowiak, R., Musial, J., Bakun, P., Spycha\u0142a, M., Czarczynska-Goslinska, B., Mlynarczyk, D.T., Koczorowski, T., Sobotta, L., Stanisz, B., and Goslinski, T. (2021). Titanium Dioxide-Based Photocatalysts for Degradation of Emerging Contaminants including Pharmaceutical Pollutants. Appl. 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