{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:28:46Z","timestamp":1790040526948,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the technology development program of MSS","award":["S2952823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2952823"]}]},{"name":"the technology development program of MSS","award":["2021R1A6A1A03046418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A03046418"]}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["S2952823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2952823"]}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2021R1A6A1A03046418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A03046418"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education","award":["S2952823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2952823"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education","award":["2021R1A6A1A03046418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A03046418"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The root of Smilax china L. is used in traditional Korean medicine. We found that the Smilax china L. root extract has strong antimicrobial activity against two Cutibacterium acnes strains (KCTC 3314 and KCTC 3320). The aim of this study was to identify the beneficial properties of Smilax china L. extracts for their potential use as active ingredients in cosmetics for the treatment of human skin acne. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC\/QTOF\/MS) methods were used to obtain the profile of secondary metabolites from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the crude extract. Agar diffusion and resazurin-based broth microdilution assays were used to evaluate antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), respectively. Among the 24 metabolites, quercetin, resveratrol, and oxyresveratrol were the most potent compounds against Cutibacterium acnes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of quercetin, resveratrol, and oxyresveratrol were 31.25, 125, and 250 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T07:38:50Z","timestamp":1669793930000},"page":"8331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Smilax china L. Root Extracts against the Acne-Causing Bacterium, Cutibacterium acnes, and Its Active Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ji-Hae","family":"Joo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27909, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Hui","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27909, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ja-I","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27909, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27909, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Hwan","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27909, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Sun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beauty Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 274-14 Wonnamsandan-ro, Wonnam-myeon 32740, Eumseong-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Soo","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beauty Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 274-14 Wonnamsandan-ro, Wonnam-myeon 32740, Eumseong-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Jin","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yeomyung Biochem Co., Ltd., 7-4 Tabyeon 1-gil, Gangane-myeon, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si 28171, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Duk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yeomyung Biochem Co., Ltd., 7-4 Tabyeon 1-gil, Gangane-myeon, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si 28171, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3033-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gi-Seong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27909, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4512-7350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyang-Yeol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27909, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15043","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: A brief look at the latest updates","volume":"32","author":"Dreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.2015.990373","article-title":"Emerging drugs for the treatment of acne","volume":"20","author":"Aslam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2011.09.001","article-title":"Acne vulgaris: Pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment","volume":"30","author":"Dawson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05067.x","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant acne: Lessons from Europe","volume":"148","author":"Ross","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2056L","article-title":"Current Issues in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris","volume":"145","author":"Habeshian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519847367","article-title":"Topical treatment of acne vulgaris: Efficiency, side effects, and adherence rate","volume":"47","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"417","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant Propionibacterium acnes suppressed by a benzoyl peroxide cleanser 6%","volume":"82","author":"Leyden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12962","article-title":"A comparative study on the effectiveness of herbal extracts vs 2.5% benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris","volume":"18","author":"Lubtikulthum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200809030-00010","article-title":"Clindamycin\/benzoyl peroxide gel (BenzaClin): A review of its use in the management of acne","volume":"9","author":"McKeage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emrich, S., Schuster, A., Schnabel, T., and Oostingh, G.J. (2022). Antimicrobial Activity and Wound-Healing Capacity of Birch, Beech and Larch Bark Extracts. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092817"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.03.007","article-title":"The skin protective effects of compound K, a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10100-0","article-title":"Chemical composition, antibacterial properties, and mechanism of Smilax china L. polyphenols","volume":"103","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new phenylpropanoid-substituted epicatechin from the rhizome of Smilax china","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7160","article-title":"Microbial bioconversion and processing methods enhance the phenolic acid and flavonoids and the radical scavenging capacity of Smilax china L. leaf","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.03.008","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of six major stilbenes and flavonoids in Smilax china by high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"44","author":"Shao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(92)83295-A","article-title":"Steroidal saponins from Smilax riparia and S. china","volume":"31","author":"Sashida","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.10.026","article-title":"Steroidal saponins from Smilax china and their anti-inflammatory activities","volume":"68","author":"Shao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-017-0139-5","article-title":"Steroidal Saponins from the Genus Smilax and Their Biological Activities","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112785","article-title":"The flavonoid-enriched extract from the root of Smilax china L. inhibits inflammatory responses via the TLR-4-mediated signaling pathway","volume":"256","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.950","article-title":"High performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination and pharmacokinetic studies of oxyresveratrol and resveratrol in rat plasma after oral administration of Smilax china extract","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9958808","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9958808","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Smilax china L. Extract on LPS-Stimulated THP-1 via Downregulation of MAPK and NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3323","article-title":"Spectrum-effect relationship between UPLC fingerprint of Smilax china and anti-pelvic inflammation in rats","volume":"44","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-022-00996-x","article-title":"Quercetin, Engelitin and Caffeic Acid of Smilax china L. Polyphenols, Stimulate 3T3-L1 Adipocytes to Brown-like Adipocytes Via beta3-AR\/AMPK Signaling Pathway","volume":"77","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.E., Kim, J.A., and Whang, W.K. (2017). Chemical Constituents of Smilax china L. Stems and Their Inhibitory Activities against Glycation, Aldose Reductase, alpha-Glucosidase, and Lipase. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22030451"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2004.06.011","article-title":"Supercritical fluid extraction of sapogenins from tubers of Smilax china","volume":"75","author":"Shu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1021\/np050109q","article-title":"Cytotoxic phenylpropanoid glycosides from the stems of Smilax china","volume":"68","author":"Kuo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.24.1019","article-title":"Analysis of trans-resveratrol in grapes by micro-high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"24","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1074516","article-title":"Resveratrol from red grapes\u2014Pedestrian polyphenol or useful anticancer agent?","volume":"74","author":"Gescher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00422","article-title":"The Potential of Systems Biology to Discover Antibacterial Mechanisms of Plant Phenolics","volume":"8","author":"Rempe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2020.e98","article-title":"Partial Characterization of an Anti-Listerial Bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecium CJNU","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teh, C.H., Nazni, W.A., Nurulhusna, A.H., Norazah, A., and Lee, H.L. (2017). Determination of antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of larval extract of fly via resazurin-based turbidometric assay. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0936-3"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qureshi, K.A., Mohammed, S.A.A., Khan, O., Ali, H.M., El-Readi, M.Z., and Mohammed, H.A. (2022). Cinnamaldehyde-Based Self-Nanoemulsion (CA-SNEDDS) Accelerates Wound Healing and Exerts Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Rats\u2019 Skin Burn Model. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165225"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, H.A., Al-Omar, M.S., Khan, R.A., Mohammed, S.A.A., Qureshi, K.A., Abbas, M.M., Al Rugaie, O., Abd-Elmoniem, E., Ahmad, A.M., and Kandil, Y.I. (2021). Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Activities of the Water-Ethanol Extract of Pulicaria undulata Growing in the Oasis of Central Saudi Arabian Desert. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091811"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, H.A., Ali, H.M., Qureshi, K.A., Alsharidah, M., Kandil, Y.I., Said, R., Mohammed, S.A.A., Al-Omar, M.S., Rugaie, O.A., and Abdellatif, A.A.H. (2021). Comparative Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activity of Four Major Medicinal Halophytes from Qassim Flora. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10102208"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57911-0","article-title":"A facile and efficient method for the synthesis of crystalline tetrahydro-beta-carbolines via the Pictet-Spengler reaction in water","volume":"10","author":"Byeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2126(92)90114-M","article-title":"The MTT cell viability assay for cytotoxicity testing in multidrug-resistant human leukemic cells","volume":"16","author":"Marks","year":"1992","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/23\/8331\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:29:35Z","timestamp":1760146175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/23\/8331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27238331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27238331","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]}}}