{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T10:40:03Z","timestamp":1784025603981,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Unites States Department of Agri-culture","award":["2020-33610-31688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-33610-31688"]}]},{"name":"Unites States Department of Agri-culture","award":["1R41DA051094-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R41DA051094-01"]}]},{"name":"Unites States Department of Agri-culture","award":["1701329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1701329"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-33610-31688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-33610-31688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R41DA051094-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R41DA051094-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1701329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1701329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-33610-31688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-33610-31688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R41DA051094-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R41DA051094-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1701329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1701329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frequent monitoring of sea food, especially shellfish samples, for the presence of biotoxins serves not only as a valuable strategy to mitigate adulteration associated health risks, but could also be used to develop predictive models to understand algal explosion and toxin trends. Periodic toxin assessment is often restricted due to poor sensitivity, multifarious cleaning\/extraction protocols and high operational costs of conventional detection methods. Through this work, a simplistic approach to quantitatively assess the presence of a representative marine neurotoxin, Domoic acid (DA), from spiked water and crab meat samples is presented. DA sensing was performed based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) using silver nanoparticle enriched diatomaceous earth\u2014a biological photonic crystal material in nature. Distinctive optical features of the quasi-ordered pore patterns in diatom skeleton with sporadic yet uniform functionalization of silver nanoparticles act as excellent SERS substrates with improved DA signals. Different concentrations of DA were tested on the substrates with the lowest detectable concentration being 1 ppm that falls well below the regulatory DA levels in seafood (&gt;20 ppm). All the measurements were rapid and were performed within a measurement time of 1 min. Utilizing the measurement results, a standard calibration curve between SERS signal intensity and DA concentration was developed. The calibration curve was later utilized to predict the DA concentration from spiked Dungeness crab meat samples. SERS based quantitative assessment was further complemented with principal component analysis and partial least square regression studies. The tested methodology aims to bring forth a sensitive yet simple, economical and an extraction free routine to assess biotoxin presence in sea food samples onsite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T08:46:41Z","timestamp":1669798001000},"page":"8364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Quantitative Sensing of Domoic Acid from Shellfish Using Biological Photonic Crystal Enhanced SERS Substrates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Subhavna","family":"Juneja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabila","family":"Nujhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan X.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"The importance of trophic-level interactions to the abundance and species composition of algae in lakes","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Barica","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hypertrophic Ecosystems: Developments in Hydrobiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.05.003","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms and public health","volume":"57 Pt B","author":"Grattan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Centres for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) (2022, July 23). 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