{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:23:22Z","timestamp":1791393802888,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP2022R491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2022R491"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is an antiretroviral (ARV) drug that is used for the management and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The clinical availability of ARV delivery systems that provide long-lasting protection against HIV transmission is lacking. There is a dire need to formulate nanocarrier systems that can help in revolutionizing the way to fight against HIV\/AIDS. Here, we aimed to synthesize a polymer using chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) by the PEGylation of chitosan at the hydroxyl group. After successful modification and confirmation by FTIR, XRD, and SEM, TAF-loaded PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles were prepared and analyzed for their particle size, zeta potential, morphology, crystallinity, chemical interactions, entrapment efficacy, drug loading, in vitro drug release, and release kinetic modeling. The fabricated nanoparticles were found to be in a nanosized range (219.6 nm), with ~90% entrapment efficacy, ~14% drug loading, and a spherical uniform distribution. The FTIR analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of PEGylated chitosan and nanoparticles. The in vitro analysis showed ~60% of the drug was released from the PEGylated polymeric reservoir system within 48 h at pH 7.4. The drug release kinetics were depicted by the Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas release model with thermodynamically nonspontaneous drug release. Conclusively, PEGylated chitosan has the potential to deliver TAF from a nanocarrier system, and in the future, cytotoxicity and in vivo studies can be performed to further authenticate the synthesized polymer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T05:03:18Z","timestamp":1669870998000},"page":"8401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Fabrication of PEGylated Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Tenofovir Alafenamide: Synthesis and Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1768-2979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4387-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Hammad","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqar","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of South Asia (USA), Lahore 54000, Pakistan"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7122-9422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Omer","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Royal Institute of Medical Sciences, Multan 59300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Nisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Advanced Studies of Pharmacy (IRASP), Multan 59300, Pakistan"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan 59300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multan Medical and Dental College, Multan 59300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafiza Yusra","family":"Nazeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan 59300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9888-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Shahid","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Avda, Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s, s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.8431","article-title":"Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2018 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society\u2013USA Panel","volume":"320","author":"Saag","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000167155.44980.e8","article-title":"Intracellular pharmacokinetics of tenofovir diphosphate, carbovir triphosphate, and lamivudine triphosphate in patients receiving triple-nucleoside regimens","volume":"39","author":"Hawkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.11.039","article-title":"96 weeks treatment of tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"68","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325958220919231","DOI":"10.1177\/2325958220919231","article-title":"A review and clinical understanding of tenofovir: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus tenofovir alafenamide","volume":"19","author":"Wassner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Assoc. Provid. AIDS Care (JIAPAC)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, K.K. (2020). An overview of drug delivery systems. Drug Delivery Systems, Humana.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9798-5_1"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"561","article-title":"Nanoparticles\u2014A review","volume":"5","author":"Mohanraj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begines, B., Ortiz, T., P\u00e9rez-Aranda, M., Mart\u00ednez, G., Merinero, M., Arg\u00fcelles-Arias, F., and Alcudia, A. (2020). Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery: Recent developments and future prospects. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071403"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00048","article-title":"The design of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanocarriers for medical applications","volume":"8","author":"Essa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2012.04.007","article-title":"Chitosan-based drug delivery systems","volume":"81","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"51","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles: A promising system for drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Tiyaboonchai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Naresuan Univ. J. Sci. Technol. (NUJST)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2009.03.031","article-title":"Preparation and structure of chitosan soluble in wide pH range","volume":"78","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-007-9122-3","article-title":"PEGylation of chitosan for improved solubility and fiber formation via electrospinning","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(05)03575-0","article-title":"PEGylation, successful approach to drug delivery","volume":"10","author":"Veronese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Praseptiangga, D., Zahara, H.L., Widjanarko, P.I., Joniand, I.M., and Panatarani, C. (2020). Preparation and FTIR spectroscopic studies of SiO2-ZnO nanoparticles suspension for the development of carrageenan-based bio-nanocomposite film. AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing LLC.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0003434"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00040","DOI":"10.15406\/jnmr.2015.02.00040","article-title":"Analysis of structure, surface morphology, optical and electrical properties of copper nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Sagadevan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.7b04480","article-title":"Influence of nanoparticles size on XRD patterns for small monodisperse nanoparticles of Cu0 and TiO2 anatase","volume":"57","author":"Vorontsov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4962992","article-title":"Physical characterization of nanoparticle size and surface modification using particle scattering diffusometry","volume":"10","author":"Clayton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2017.03.010","article-title":"Evaluation of the drug loading capacity of different lipid nanoparticle dispersions by passive drug loading","volume":"117","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2008.08.019","article-title":"Preparation of aspirin and probucol in combination loaded chitosan nanoparticles and in vitro release study","volume":"75","author":"Ajun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/15685551.2018.1445416","article-title":"Biocompatible hydrogels for the controlled delivery of anti-hypertensive agent: Development, characterization and in vitro evaluation","volume":"21","author":"Nawaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Des. Monomers Polym."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mircioiu, C., Voicu, V., Anuta, V., Tudose, A., Celia, C., Paolino, D., Fresta, M., Sandulovici, R., and Mircioiu, I. (2019). Mathematical modeling of release kinetics from supramolecular drug delivery systems. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11030140"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"271","article-title":"Effect of different molecular weights of chitosan on preparation and characterization of insulin loaded nanoparticles by ion gelation method","volume":"4","author":"Kouchak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/md13010141","article-title":"Does the use of chitosan contribute to oxalate kidney stone formation?","volume":"13","author":"Queiroz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, I.O., Ladchumananandasivam, R., Nascimento, J.H.O., Silva, K.K.O.S., Oliveira, F.R., Souto, A.P., Felgueiras, H.P., and Zille, A. (2019). Multifunctional chitosan\/gold nanoparticles coatings for biomedical textiles. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9081064"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"485","article-title":"A novel method for synthesizing PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles: Strategy, preparation, and in vitro analysis","volume":"6","author":"Malhotra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.04.035","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of PEG-O-chitosan nanoparticles for delivery of poor water soluble drugs: Ibuprofen","volume":"41","author":"Najafabadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.10.013","article-title":"Synthesis of TAT peptide-tagged PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles for siRNA delivery targeting neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"34","author":"Malhotra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"227","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of self-assembling chitosan-based nanoparticles","volume":"35","author":"Qureshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulu, A., Sezer, S.K., Y\u00fcksel, \u015e., Ko\u00e7and, A., and Ate\u015f, B. (2021). Preparation, Controlled Drug Release, and Cell Viability Evaluation of Tenofovir Alafenamide-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. Starch-St\u00e4rke, 2100144.","DOI":"10.1002\/star.202100144"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112089","article-title":"Chitosan and chitosan\/PEG nanoparticles loaded with indole-3-carbinol: Characterization, computational study and potential effect on human bladder cancer cells","volume":"124","author":"Melo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.04.066","article-title":"Alginate coated chitosan core-shell nanoparticles for efficient oral delivery of naringenin in diabetic animals\u2014An in vitro and in vivo approach","volume":"170","author":"Maity","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.03.093","article-title":"Ellagic acid encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles as anti-hemorrhagic agent","volume":"111","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-020-03134-2","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles containing teicoplanin using sol\u2013gel","volume":"78","author":"Kahdestani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2013.06.001","article-title":"Study on chitosan nanoparticles on biophysical characteristics and growth of Robusta coffee in green house","volume":"2","author":"Van","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2018.1438459","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles for the oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: Formulation optimization, characterization and ex vivo and in vivo evaluation for uptake mechanism in rats","volume":"44","author":"Shailender","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2014.09.005","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid loaded chitosan nanoparticles with sustained release property, retained antioxidant activity and enhanced bioavailability","volume":"10","author":"Nallamuthu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2011.06.007","article-title":"Engineering tenofovir loaded chitosan nanoparticles to maximize microbicide mucoadhesion","volume":"44","author":"Meng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.02.003","article-title":"Encapsulation of curcumin in zein\/caseinate\/sodium alginate nanoparticles with improved physicochemical and controlled release properties","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"09673911221108742","article-title":"Fabrication of thiolated chitosan based biodegradable nanoparticles of ticagrelor and their pharmacokinetics","volume":"30","author":"Shahid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.909908","article-title":"pH-responsive thiolated chitosan nanoparticles for oral low-molecular weight heparin delivery: In vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-018-0040-7","article-title":"Chitosan biopolymer functionalized gold nanoparticles with controlled cytotoxicity and improved antifilarial efficacy","volume":"1","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"632698","article-title":"Antifungal activity of chitosan nanoparticles and correlation with their physical properties","volume":"2012","author":"Yien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.08.018","article-title":"Development and in vivo safety assessment of tenofovir-loaded nanoparticles-in-film as a novel vaginal microbicide delivery system","volume":"44","author":"Machado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.07.037","article-title":"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate loaded PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced oral absorption: Effect of experimental variables and in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation","volume":"158","author":"Shailender","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.031","article-title":"Phloretin loaded chitosan nanoparticles augments the pH-dependent mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic apoptosis in human oral cancer cells","volume":"130","author":"Mariadoss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA09084C","article-title":"\u03b1-Santalol functionalized chitosan nanoparticles as efficient inhibitors of polo-like kinase in triple negative breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.09.003","article-title":"Mannosylated solid lipid nanoparticles as vectors for site-specific delivery of an anti-cancer drug","volume":"148","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2011.06.007","article-title":"pH-responsive nanoparticles releasing tenofovir intended for the prevention of HIV transmission","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00739","article-title":"Tenofovir containing thiolated chitosan core\/shell nanofibers: In vitro and in vivo evaluations","volume":"13","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2003.12.005","article-title":"Synthesis and study of water-soluble chitosan-O-poly (ethylene glycol) graft copolymers","volume":"40","author":"Gorochovceva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.08.003","article-title":"The influence of plasticizers on the release of theophylline from microporous-controlled tablets","volume":"99","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.11.004","article-title":"The influence of polymeric properties on chitosan\/siRNA nanoparticle formulation and gene silencing","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101554","article-title":"The effect of molecular weight and content of PEG on in vitro drug release of electrospun curcumin loaded PLA\/PEG nanofibers","volume":"56","author":"Moradkhannejhad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.014","article-title":"Targeted doxorubicin delivery and release within breast cancer environment using PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles labeled with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"184","author":"Helmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71129-0","article-title":"Drug-encapsulated blend of PLGA-PEG microspheres: In vitro and in vivo study of the effects of localized\/targeted drug delivery on the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Jusu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.11.049","article-title":"PEGylated and poloxamer-modified chitosan nanoparticles incorporating a lysine-based surfactant for pH-triggered doxorubicin release","volume":"138","author":"Scheeren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.3109\/03639049309063012","article-title":"Relationship between swelling and drug release in a hydrophilic matrix","volume":"19","author":"Wan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/23\/8401\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:31:57Z","timestamp":1760146317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/23\/8401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27238401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27238401","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}}}