{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:12:10Z","timestamp":1767046330045,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Group Funding program","award":["NU\/RG\/SERC\/11\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU\/RG\/SERC\/11\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present research work, PVFTX-100, PVFSDS, and PVFT-80 sponges were prepared using polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) with surfactants triton X-100\/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)\/Tween 80, respectively, for the removal of organic solvents from polluted soil\/water samples. All three obtained sponges were further made hydrophobic using dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS). The prepared sponges were characterized using different spectroscopic techniques and SEM analysis. The peaks obtained near 1050 cm\u22121 and 790 cm\u22121 were attributed to Si-O-C and alkyl side chain C-H stretching vibration that confirmed the formation of desired sponges. The SEM images showed the random roughness with a number of protrusions on sponge surfaces, which further played an important role in the absorption and retention of organic solvents molecules. The Sears method was chosen to calculate the surface area and pore volume of all the synthesized sponge samples. Among all three prepared sponges, the PVFTX-100 sponge showed a high pore volume and large surface area, with a maximum percentage absorption capacity of 96%, 91%, 89.9%, 85.6%, and 80 for chlorobenzene, toluene, diesel, petrol, and hexane, respectively, after eightcycles. The organic solvent uptake using PVFTX-100, PVFSDS, and PVFT-80 sponges is quite a unique and simple technology, which could be employed at a large scale for contaminated soil\/water systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T03:00:36Z","timestamp":1669950036000},"page":"8429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Novel Hydrophobic Polyvinyl-Alcohol Formaldehyde Sponges: Synthesis, Characterization, Fast and Effective Organic Solvent Uptake from Contaminated Soil Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yajvinder","family":"Saharan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joginder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Goyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8626-1564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3567-274X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheikh","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25249","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA07528F","article-title":"Remarkably simple achievement of super-hydrophobicity, superhydrophilicity, underwater superoleophobicity, underwater superoleophilicity, underwater superaerophobicity, and underwater superaerophilicity on femtosecond laser ablated PDMS surfaces","volume":"5","author":"Yong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704912","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704912","article-title":"3D-Printed Biomimetic Super Hydrophobic Structure for Microdroplet Manipulation and Oil\/Water Separation","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113609","article-title":"The emergence of nanotechnology in mitigating petroleum oil spills","volume":"178","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, November 20). Greece Struggles to Clean Up Oil Spill. Available online: https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/greece-struggles-to-clean-up-relatively-small-oil-spill-as-black-slick-spreads\/a-40511068."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2022, November 20). Huge Oil Spills Spreads in East China Sea, Stirring Environmental Fears. New York Times, Available online: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/01\/15\/world\/asia\/oil-tanker-spill-sanchi-east-china-sea.html."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022, November 20). Oil Spill Reported in Walsh County. Available online: https:\/\/www.kxnet.com\/news\/local-news\/oil-spill-reported-in-walsh-county."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2021, December 25). Colonial Pipeline Spill Information\u2014Huntersville, N.C.|NC DEQ, Available online: deq.nc.gov."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2021.4145","article-title":"Analysis of Nano-Silicon Dioxide Modified Waste Building Brick Materials in the Application of Adsorption and Removal of Water Pollutants","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2021.4114","article-title":"Synthesis of Coal Gangue-Based Mesoporous X Zeolite with Soft Template and Its Adsorption Methylene Blue","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1021\/am3000825","article-title":"Three-Dimensionally Macroporous Fe\/C Nanocomposites as Highly Selective Oil-Absorption Materials","volume":"4","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5845","DOI":"10.1021\/am4015007","article-title":"Magnetic and Highly Recyclable Macroporous Carbon Nanotubes for Spilled Oil Sorption and Separation","volume":"5","author":"Gui","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2021.4024","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolite X Obtained from Coal Gangue for Adsorption of Cu2+","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2021.3885","article-title":"Effect of Asphaltene on Threshold Pressure Gradient of Heavy Oil in Porous Media","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1166\/jno.2021.3028","article-title":"Preparation of Carbon Fiber-Polyacrylamide Composite Hydrogel Based on Surface Electric-Initiated Polymerization","volume":"16","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2021.3957","article-title":"Adsorption and Migration Characteristics of Fluorine in Ash-Sluicing Water in Soils","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027484117065","article-title":"Porous Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup: A Review of Synthesis and Absorbing Properties","volume":"10","author":"Adebajo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Porous Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.23753","article-title":"Photoresponsive Oil Sorbers","volume":"48","author":"Kulawardana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2018, April 14). Polyurethane Foam Kitchen Sponge. History of Origin\u2014Vortex Power. Available online: www.vortex-power.com."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14165","DOI":"10.1021\/la901906h","article-title":"Wetting Behavior of Water and Oil Droplets in Three-Phase Interfaces for Hydrophobicity\/philicity and Oleophobicity\/philicity","volume":"25","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17464","DOI":"10.1021\/jp2043027","article-title":"Facile Removal and Collection of Oils from Water Surfaces through Superhydrophobic and Superoleophilic Sponges","volume":"115","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4527","DOI":"10.1021\/es2002343","article-title":"Evaluation of Electrospun Polyvinyl chloride\/Polystyrene Fibers as Sorbent Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup","volume":"45","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1021\/ja111391z","article-title":"Gels based on cyclic polymers","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2011.04.003","article-title":"Improvement of oil adsorption performance by a sponge-like natural vermiculite-carbon nanotube hybrid","volume":"53","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7908","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ee21848h","article-title":"Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties of graphene-based sponges fabricated using a facile dip coating method","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"384","article-title":"Non-coalescence of oppositely charged droplets in pH-sensitive emulsions","volume":"109","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5386","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta00125c","article-title":"Robust superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge as a highly reusable oil-absorption material","volume":"1","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1039\/C3RA43907K","article-title":"Novel hydrophobic polyvinyl alcohol\u2013formaldehyde foams for organic solvents absorption and effective separation","volume":"4","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5b03862","article-title":"Preparation of Superhydrophobic Magnetic Cellulose Sponge for Removing Oil from Water","volume":"55","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5309","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.0c01052","article-title":"Silane Functionalized Polyvinyl-Alcohol Formaldehyde Sponges on Fast Oil Absorption","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e00273","article-title":"A sustainable hydrophobic luffa sponge for efficient removal of oils water","volume":"28","author":"Tapia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"99","article-title":"Treatment of Oily Water using Hydrophobic Nano-silica. Chem","volume":"167","author":"Syed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18094","DOI":"10.1021\/ja208408n","article-title":"Fluorous Metal\u2212organic Frameworks with Superior Adsorption and Hydrophobic Properties toward Oil Spill Cleanup and Hydrocarbon Storage","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1021\/es3048174","article-title":"Hydrophobic High Surface Area Zeolites Derived from Fly Ash for Oil Spill Remediation","volume":"47","author":"Seal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2011.579185","article-title":"Characteristics and Oil Sorption Effectiveness of Kapok Fibre, Sugarcane Bagasse and Rice Husks: Oil Removal Suitability Matrix","volume":"33","author":"Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2009.08.003","article-title":"A Comprehensive Characterization of Corn Stalk and Study of Carbonized Corn Stalk in Dye and Gas Oil Sorption","volume":"86","author":"Husseien","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4896","DOI":"10.1021\/ef300388h","article-title":"Novel Solution to Oil Spill Recovery: Using Thermo degradable Polyolefin Oil Superabsorbent Polymer (Oil\u2212SAP)","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129977","article-title":"Novel Supramolecular Organo-Oil Gelators for Fast and Effective Oil Trapping: Mechanism and Applications","volume":"442","author":"Saharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA09295G","article-title":"Highly Efficient Macroporous Adsorbents for Toxic Metal Ions in Water Systems Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol\u2212Formaldehyde Sponges","volume":"4","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6377","DOI":"10.14233\/ajchem.2013.14651","article-title":"Removal of Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ using different agricultural residues: Kinetic, isotherm modeling and mechanism via chemical blocking","volume":"25","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32747","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b12395","article-title":"Superfast and Reversible Thermoresponsive of Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) Hydrogels Grafted on Macroporous Poly(vinyl alcohol) Formaldehyde Sponges","volume":"10","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60120a048","article-title":"Determination of specific surface area of colloidal silica by titration with sodium hydroxide","volume":"28","author":"Sears","year":"1956","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114245","article-title":"Modified low-temperature synthesis of graphene oxide nanosheets: Enhanced adsorption, antibacterial and antioxidant properties","volume":"215","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19933","DOI":"10.1021\/am505414y","article-title":"Hydrophobic Modification on Surface of Chitin Sponges for Highly Effective Separation of Oil","volume":"6","author":"Duan","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-017-1349-z","article-title":"Sorption capacity of hydrophobic cellulose aerogels silanized by two different methods","volume":"24","author":"Lazzari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15700","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b03270","article-title":"Decomposable PVA-based super-hydrophobic 3D porous material for effective water\/oil separation","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40378","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA05855A","article-title":"Self-assembly modification of polyurethane sponge for application in oil\/water separation","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113798","article-title":"Lignin-based superhydrophobic melamine resin sponges and their application in oil\/water separation Author links open overlay panel","volume":"170","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, P.M., Learmonth, D.A., and Gomes, D.B. (2021). Mussel-Inspired Catechol Functionalisation as a Strategy to Enhance Biomaterial Adhesion: A Systematic Review. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193317"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131247","article-title":"Nanoporous and hydrophobic new Chitosan-Silica blend aerogels for enhanced oil adsorption capacity","volume":"351","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.114169","article-title":"Trapping of oil molecules in clathrates: Oil trapping mechanism, soil composition, and thermal studies","volume":"319","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-013-0326-9","article-title":"Removal of lead (II) from synthetic and batteries wastewater using agricultural residues in batch\/column mode","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/23\/8429\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:32:31Z","timestamp":1760146351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/23\/8429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27238429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27238429","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1420-3049"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]}}}