{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T12:59:12Z","timestamp":1786798752742,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India","award":["09\/869 (0008)\/2011-EMR-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/869 (0008)\/2011-EMR-I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oroxylum indicum is a traditionally used plant in Ayurvedic and folk medicines. The plant is useful for the management of gastrointestinal diseases as well as skin diseases. In the present study, we analyzed the antitumor potential of O. indicum in Dalton\u2019s lymphoma ascites tumor cells (DLA) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-induced solid and ascites tumors. Further, the potential of O. indicum extract (OIM) on skin papilloma induction by dimethyl benz(a) anthracene (DMBA) and croton oil was evaluated. The chemical composition of the extract was analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The predominant compounds present in the extract were demethoxycentaureidin 7-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, baicalein-7-O-glucuronide, 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-3\u2032,4\u2032,5\u2032-trimethoxyflavone, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) chromen-4-one, and 4\u2032-Hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone. Treatment with high-dose OIM enhanced the percentage of survival in ascites tumor-bearing mice by 34.97%. Likewise, high and low doses of OIM reduced the tumor volume in mice by 61.84% and 54.21%, respectively. Further, the skin papilloma formation was brought down by the administration of low- and high-dose groups of OIM (by 67.51% and 75.63%). Overall, the study concludes that the Oroxylum indicum root bark extract is a potentially active antitumor and anticancer agent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T06:29:09Z","timestamp":1670221749000},"page":"8459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Root Bark Extract of Oroxylum indicum Vent. Inhibits Solid and Ascites Tumors and Prevents the Development of DMBA-Induced Skin Papilloma Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Seema","family":"Menon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur 680555, India"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Kodungallur Kunjikuttan Thampuran Memorial Government College, Pullut, Kodungallur, Thrissur 680663, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jawaher J.","family":"Albaqami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1457-7201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamida","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lincy","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur 680555, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menon Kunnathully","family":"Divya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur 680555, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Antony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur 680555, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Padikkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur 680555, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaji E.","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur 680555, India"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Kodungallur Kunjikuttan Thampuran Memorial Government College, Pullut, Kodungallur, Thrissur 680663, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6232-1665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arunaksharan","family":"Narayanankutty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur 680555, India"},{"name":"Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph\u2019s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut 673008, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alyami, H.S., Naser, A.Y., Dahmash, E.Z., Alyami, M.H., Belali, O.M., Assiri, A.M., Rehman, A., Alsaleh, A.M., Alsaleh, H.A., and Hussein, S.H. (2021). Clinical and Therapeutic Characteristics of Cancer Patients in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126654"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton, T.L., Patel, R.K., Anderson, A.N., Bowden, S.G., Whalen, R., Giske, N.R., and Wong, M.H. (2022). Circulating Cells with Macrophage-like Characteristics in Cancer: The Importance of Circulating Neoplastic-Immune Hybrid Cells in Cancer. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14163871"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senga, S.S., and Grose, R.P. (2021). Hallmarks of cancer-the new testament. Open Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200358"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.04.018","article-title":"Design principles of drug combinations for chemotherapy","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Boogaard, W.M.C., Komninos, D.S.J., and Vermeij, W.P. (2022). Chemotherapy Side-Effects: Not All DNA Damage Is Equal. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030627"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Kang, Y., Chen, L., Wang, H., Liu, J., Zeng, S., and Yu, L. (2020). The Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Five Platinum-Based Antitumor Agents. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00343"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezayatmand, H., Razmkhah, M., and Razeghian-Jahromi, I. (2022). Drug resistance in cancer therapy: The Pandora\u2019s Box of cancer stem cells. Stem Cell Res. Ther., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02856-6"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahar, E., Han, S.Y., Kim, J.Y., and Yoon, H. (2022). Chemotherapy Resistance: Role of Mitochondrial and Autophagic Components. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14061462"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehelean, C.A., Marcovici, I., Soica, C., Mioc, M., Coricovac, D., Iurciuc, S., Cretu, O.M., and Pinzaru, I. (2021). Plant-Derived Anticancer Compounds as New Perspectives in Drug Discovery and Alternative Therapy. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041109"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"882","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of Dashmula, an Ayurvedic preparation, versus Diclofenac in animal models","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"245","article-title":"Evaluation of analgesic activity of Dashamoola formulation by using experimental models of pain","volume":"4","author":"Bhalerao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Basic Appl. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"S104","article-title":"Oroxylum indicum\u2014A medicinal plant of North East India: An overview of its nutritional, remedial, and prophylactic properties","volume":"3","author":"Deka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"17","article-title":"Oroxylum indicum Vent.\u2014A potential anticancer medicinal plant","volume":"1","author":"Mao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Tradit. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"7","article-title":"A review on Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent: An important medicinal tree","volume":"6","author":"Preety","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200600748234","article-title":"Antiulcer Activity of the Root Bark of Oroxylum indicum against Experimental Gastric Ulcers","volume":"44","author":"Khandhar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/15476910600725942","article-title":"Immunostimulant activity of n-butanol fraction of root bark of Oroxylum indicum Vent","volume":"3","author":"Zaveri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.65013","article-title":"In vitro Antioxidant Potential of Different Parts of Oroxylum indicum: A Comparative Study","volume":"72","author":"Mishra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1796","article-title":"Chemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Aqueous Extract of Root Bark of \u201cOroxylum Indicum\u201d Vent","volume":"3","author":"Sastry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"18","article-title":"In vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of the Anti-Cancer Potential of Fractions of Root Bark of Oroxylum Indicum in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells","volume":"38","author":"Dhru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"115","article-title":"Animal models of cancer biology","volume":"8","author":"Yee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Growth Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(95)03827-J","article-title":"Anti-tumour and antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids","volume":"94","author":"Ruby","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"92","article-title":"Research progress on the anticarcinogenic actions and mechanisms of ellagic acid","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaganathan, S.K., Mondhe, D., Wani, Z.A., Pal, H.C., and Mandal, M. (2010). Effect of Honey and Eugenol on Ehrlich Ascites and Solid Carcinoma. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2010.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/989163"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2375","article-title":"Ehrlich ascites carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Ozaslan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osman, A.-M.M., Alqahtani, A.A., Damanhouri, Z.A., Al-Harthy, S.E., ElShal, M.F., Ramadan, W.S., Kamel, F., Osman, M.A.M., and Khan, L.M. (2015). Dimethylsulfoxide excerbates cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Cancer Cell Int., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-015-0258-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60063-X","article-title":"Bioassay of Eucalyptus extracts for anticancer activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (eac) cells in Swiss albino mice","volume":"2","author":"Islam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.150544","article-title":"Assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumor activity of Sphaeranthus amaranthoides burm.f","volume":"7","author":"Gayatri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"3","article-title":"Experimental Evaluation of Potential Anticancer Agents. Xiii. On the Criteria and Kinetics Associated with \u201cCurability\u201d of Experimental Leukemia","volume":"35","author":"Skipper","year":"1964","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-06-0391","article-title":"Tumor models for efficacy determination","volume":"5","author":"Teicher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0329","article-title":"Barriers to efficient development of cancer therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Schein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.060929","article-title":"Murine Models to Evaluate Novel and Conventional Therapeutic Strategies for Cancer","volume":"170","author":"Talmadge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01284-K","article-title":"Cytotoxic and anti-tumour properties of certain taxa of Umbelliferae with special reference to Centella asiatica (L.) Urban","volume":"48","author":"Babu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FP0060907","article-title":"Antitumor Activity and Antioxidant Status of the Methanol Extract of Careya arborea Bark Against Dalton\u2019s Lymphoma Ascites-Induced Ascitic and Solid Tumor in Mice","volume":"103","author":"Natesan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700672","article-title":"Malignant transformation of DMBA\/TPA-induced papillomas and nevi in the skin of mice selectively lacking retinoid-X-receptor alpha in epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"127","author":"Indra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.6.2729","article-title":"Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis Induction and Anti-Metastatic Potential of Oroxylum indicum in Human Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"149","article-title":"Baicalein, a flavonoid extracted from a methanolic extract of Oroxylum indicum inhibits proliferation of a cancer cell line in vitro via induction of apoptosis","volume":"62","author":"Roy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"245","article-title":"Quantification of Baicalein, Chrysin, Biochanin-A and Ellagic Acid in Root Bark of Oroxylum indicum by RP- HPLC with UV Detection","volume":"3","author":"Zaveri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.147211","article-title":"Evaluation of antitumor activity and antioxidant status of Alternanthera brasiliana against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice","volume":"7","author":"Samudrala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"505","article-title":"Antitumor Activity of Prosopis glandulosa Torr. on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) Tumor Bearing Mice","volume":"10","author":"Rajkapoor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1961.42","article-title":"The Survival Time of Mice with Ehrlich\u2019s Ascites Carcinoma related to the Sex and Weight of the Mouse, and the Blood Content of the Tumour","volume":"15","author":"Hartveit","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1966.92","article-title":"The growth of Ehrlich\u2019s ascites carcinoma in C3H mice and in mice of an unrelated closed colony. Variation in survival time","volume":"20","author":"Hartveit","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Mohan, H. (2002). Textbook of Pathology, Jaypee Publications. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/13651820510035721","article-title":"Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: A single institution experience of 14 cases","volume":"8","author":"Patil","year":"2006","journal-title":"HPB Off. J. Int. Hepato Pancreato Biliary Assoc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(51)90038-9","article-title":"Comparative studies of mouse tumors with respect to their capacity for growth as \u201cascites tumors\u201d and their average nucleic acid content per cell","volume":"2","author":"Klein","year":"1951","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"73","article-title":"Growth Characteristics of Free Tumor Cells Transferred Serially in the Peritoneal Fluid of the Mouse","volume":"11","author":"Goldie","year":"1951","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"001","article-title":"Dalton\u2019s Lymphoma as a Murine Model for Understanding the Progression and Development of T-Cell Lymphoma and Its Role in Drug Discovery","volume":"3","author":"Koiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunother. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik, A.V., Dessai, S.N., and Sellappan, K. (2021). Antitumour activity of Annona muricata L. leaf methanol extracts against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma and Dalton\u2019s Lymphoma Ascites mediated tumours in Swiss albino mice. Libyan J. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1080\/19932820.2020.1846862"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"341","article-title":"Antitumor and cytotoxic activity of ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)","volume":"7","author":"Jeena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penning, T.M. (2011). Multistage Carcinogenesis. Chemical Carcinogenesis, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61737-995-6"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.120","article-title":"Multi-stage chemical carcinogenesis in mouse skin: Fundamentals and applications","volume":"4","author":"Abel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chemoprevention of cancer","volume":"45","author":"Wattenberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(92)90051-Z","article-title":"Multistage carcinogenesis in mouse skin","volume":"54","author":"DiGiovanni","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2699","article-title":"Approaches to prevention of epithelial cancer during the preneoplastic period","volume":"36","author":"Sporn","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgq176","article-title":"The role of inflammation in HPV carcinogenesis","volume":"31","author":"Boccardo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.2884","article-title":"Link between chronic inflammation and human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis (Review)","volume":"9","author":"Fernandes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Chunekar, K.C., and Pandey, G.S. (1999). Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Kirtikar, K.R., and Basu, B.D. (1975). Indian Medicinal Plants, Periodical Experts. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"767","article-title":"Phytochemistryand evaluation of in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Oroxylum indicum Vent. Root bark","volume":"7","author":"Menon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.19.1616","article-title":"Chemotherapy-Induced Anemia in Adults: Incidence and Treatment","volume":"91","author":"Groopman","year":"1999","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Erythropoietin restores the anemia-induced reduction in cyclophosphamide cytotoxicity in rat tumors","volume":"61","author":"Thews","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.2738","article-title":"Piper betle extracts exhibit antitumor activity by augmenting antioxidant potential","volume":"9","author":"Alam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"515","article-title":"Evaluation of Antitumor and Antioxidant Activity of Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn","volume":"75","author":"Mondal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101681","article-title":"The Fascinating Effects of Baicalein on Cancer: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14169","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB11.1933","article-title":"Antitumor activity of baicalein on the mice bearing U14 cervical cancer","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2015.01.008","article-title":"Chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of chrysin in cancer: Mechanistic perspectives","volume":"233","author":"Kasala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoo, B.Y., Chua, S.L., and Balaram, P. (2010). Apoptotic Effects of Chrysin in Human Cancer Cell Lines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11052188"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990220408","article-title":"Genistein and biochanin A inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer cells but not epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation","volume":"22","author":"Peterson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2004.06.004","article-title":"In vitro anti-proliferative activities of ellagic acid","volume":"15","author":"Losso","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.98981","article-title":"A Review on the Taxonomy, Ethnobotany, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Oroxylum indicum Vent","volume":"73","author":"Harminder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-017-0695-8","article-title":"Anti-viral Activities of Oroxylum indicum Extracts on Chikungunya Virus Infection","volume":"58","author":"Mohamat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15720","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191015720","article-title":"Phytochemical Analysis of Pfaffia glomerata Inflorescences by LC-ESI-MS\/MS","volume":"19","author":"Felipe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (2001). The OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals: 423 Acute Oral Toxicity\u2014Acute Toxic Class Method, Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"372","article-title":"Anticancer screening of SAN-AB: An extract of marking nut, Semecarpus anacardium","volume":"9","author":"Gothoskar","year":"1971","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.33594\/000000380","article-title":"Trypan Blue\u2014Adapting a Dye Used for Labelling Dead Cells to Visualize Pinocytosis in Viable Cells","volume":"55","author":"Kerschbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Int. J. Exp. Cell.Physiol.Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A3.B.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.ima03bs111","article-title":"Trypan Blue Exclusion Test of Cell Viability","volume":"111","author":"Strober","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saleh, N., Allam, T., Korany, R.M.S., Abdelfattah, A.M., Omran, A.M., Abd Eldaim, M.A., Hassan, A.M., and El-Borai, N.B. (2022). Protective and Therapeutic Efficacy of Hesperidin versus Cisplatin against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma-Induced Renal Damage in Mice. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15030294"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"55","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum total triterpenes attenuate DLA induced ascites and EAC induced solid tumours in Swiss albino mice","volume":"62","author":"Smina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, J., Ou, X., Kulkarni, R.P., and Yang, C. (2015). Counting White Blood Cells from a Blood Smear Using Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133489"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"2513","article-title":"Salidroside prevents skin carcinogenesis induced by DMBA\/TPA in a mouse model through suppression of inflammation and promotion of apoptosis","volume":"39","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/23\/8459\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:33:05Z","timestamp":1760146385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/23\/8459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27238459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27238459","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]}}}