{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:26:39Z","timestamp":1784258799917,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["2021JQ-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JQ-011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lithium-ion batteries are known for their high efficiency for storing electrical energy, especially for hybrid vehicles. In this research, the development of mixture composites in the cathode electrode of LIBs has been discussed and designed based on ternary solid solutions. We have given a novel synthesis and method preparation of cathode electrode materials to reduce costs while increasing the efficiency and simultaneity for the future of these technologies. The major problem in the LIBs is related to LiCoO2 as a popular cathode material that, although it has a high efficiency, is expensive and very toxic. Therefore, the usage of a lower weight of cobalt compared to the LiCoO2 cathode material is economically advantageous for this research. Several samples of the (1-x-y) LiCo1\/3Ti1\/3Fe1\/3PO4 xLi2MnPO4 and yLiFePO4 system were synthesized via sol\u2013gel experiments. Various stoichiometric amounts of the LiNO3, Li2MnPO4, Mn (Ac)2. 4H2O, Co (Ac)2.4H2O, Ti(NO3)2.6H2O and LiFePO4 have been used for several compositions of chrome, manganese, cobalt and titanium in 28 samples of (1-x-y) LiCo1\/3Ti1\/3Fe1\/3PO4. By using thermal characterization, five samples have been selected due to their conditions in viewpoints of capacity and cyclability as well as activation energy, which is one of the major factors. These composites exhibited fairly consistent charge\/discharge curves during the electrochemical testing. From the viewpoint of the physical and chemical properties, among these samples, the Li1.501Co0.389Ti0.055Fe0.055Mn0.501PO4 structure has a high efficiency compared to other compositions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T07:07:31Z","timestamp":1670224051000},"page":"8486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Novel Cathode Material Synthesis and Thermal Characterization of (1-x-y) LiCo1\/3Ti1\/3Fe1\/3PO4, xLi2MnPO4, yLiFePO4 Composites for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6665-837X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Monajjemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1496969191, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1837571","article-title":"Phospho-olivines as positive-electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries","volume":"144","author":"Padhi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2009.03.061","article-title":"Improved high-rate charge\/discharge performances of LiFePO4\/C via V-doping","volume":"193","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2010.01.019","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of Na-doped LiFePO4\/C composites as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"195","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2010.09.186","article-title":"XRD simulation study of doped LiFePO4","volume":"509","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"BussinesWire (2010). Lithium Ion Batteries Outlook and Alternative Energy Vehicle (HEVs, PHEVs) Technologies, Markets, Competitors and Opportunities: 2010\u20132020 Analysis and Forecasts Market Research, BussinesWire."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshio, M., Brodd, R.J., and Kozawa, A. (2009). Lithium-Ion Batteries, Springer. Science and Technologies.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-34445-4"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"737","article-title":"Electrochemical Investigation of Lithium Ion Battery Including LiCo0.8Ni0.2O2, Li2MnO3, LiNiO2 Cathode Materials","volume":"56","author":"Monajjemia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rus. J. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel, C., and Besenhard, J.O. (2011). Handbook of Battery Materials, Wiley-VCH. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527637188"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyers, R.A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0851-3"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(92)90164-K","article-title":"Structure and electrochemistry of LixMnyNi1\u2212yO2","volume":"57","author":"Rossen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1838425","article-title":"Characterization of layered lithium nickel manganese oxides synthesized by a novel oxidative coprecipitation method and their electrochemical performance as lithium insertion electrode materials","volume":"145","author":"Spahr","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(03)00170-8","article-title":"Lithium insertion material of LiNi1\/2Mn1\/2O2 for advanced lithium-ion batteries","volume":"119\u2013121","author":"Makimura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(99)00221-9","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of LiNi1\u2212x\u2212yCoxMnyO2 as the cathode materials of secondary lithium batteries","volume":"81\u201382","author":"Liu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(00)00407-9","article-title":"Preparation and properties of LiCoyMnxNi1\u2212x\u2212yO2 as a cathode for lithium ion batteries","volume":"90","author":"Yoshio","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.2001.642","article-title":"Layered lithium insertion material of LiCo1\/3Ni1\/3Mn1\/3O2 for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"30","author":"Ohzuku","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6695","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC106.66956705","article-title":"Bio-Lipid Nano Capacitors: Resonance with Helical Myeline Proteins","volume":"10","author":"Monajjemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1039\/b309834f","article-title":"The synthesis, characterization and electrochemical behavior of the layered LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2 compound","volume":"14","author":"Ngala","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2006.06.005","article-title":"A comparative study on structural changes of LiCo1\/3Ni1\/3Mn1\/3O2 and LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 during first charge using in situ XRD","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-021-00962-y","article-title":"Rational solvent molecule tuning for high-perform ance lithium metal battery electrolytes","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107764","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202107764","article-title":"An Ion-Dipole-Reinforced Polyether Electrolyte with Ion-Solvation Cages Enabling High\u2013Voltage-Tolerant and Ion-Conductive Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200368","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202200368","article-title":"8.5 \u00b5m-Thick Flexible-Rigid Hybrid Solid\u2013Electrolyte\/Lithium Integration for Air-Stable and Interface-Compatible All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Pesaran, A.A., Vlahinos, A., and Burch, S.D. (1997). Thermal Performance of EV and HEV Battery Modules and Packs."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/35104644","article-title":"Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries","volume":"414","author":"Tarascon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2009.11.048","article-title":"Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future","volume":"195","author":"Scrosati","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1212741","article-title":"Electrical energy storage for the grid: A battery of choices","volume":"334","author":"Dunn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1021\/cm901452z","article-title":"Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries","volume":"22","author":"Goodenough","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1021\/cr030203g","article-title":"Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries","volume":"104","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ee01598b","article-title":"Challenges in the development of advanced Li-ion batteries: A review","volume":"4","author":"Etacheri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02376081","article-title":"Solid state lithium ion conductors: Design considerations by thermodynamic approach","volume":"8","author":"Thangadurai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2008.07.009","article-title":"Composite effect in superionically conducting lithium aluminium germanium phosphate based glass-ceramic","volume":"185","author":"Thokchom","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A506","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3122903","article-title":"Space-charge-mediated superionic transport in lithium ion conducting glass-ceramics","volume":"156","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2006.04.010","article-title":"High lithium ion conductivity glass-ceramics in Li2O-Al2O3-TiO2-P2O5 from nanoscaled glassy powders by mechanical milling","volume":"177","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2006.01.038","article-title":"Power and thermal characterization of a lithium-ion battery pack for hybrid-electric vehicles","volume":"160","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A437","DOI":"10.1149\/2.039303jes","article-title":"Three-dimensional thermal modeling of a lithium-ion battery considering the combined effects of the electrical and thermal contact resistances between current collecting tab and lead wire","volume":"160","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"8298","article-title":"Evaluation of Aromaticity Indexes During Substituting B &N Atoms in Poly-Annulene","volume":"11","author":"Monajjemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A835","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3591799","article-title":"Three-dimensional modeling of electrochemical performance and heat generation of lithium-ion batteries in tabbed planar configurations","volume":"158","author":"Gerver","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"11316","article-title":"A novel cathodic combination in sodium-ion battery based on NaNi0.7Co0.3O2, Na2MnO3, and NaCoO2 combination: Synthesis and characterization","volume":"11","author":"Bagheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.08.053","article-title":"A study of lithium ion batteries cycle aging by thermodynamics techniques","volume":"247","author":"Maher","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(02)00197-0","article-title":"Modeling thermal management of lithium-ion PNGV batteries","volume":"110","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Smith, K., and Wang, C.Y. (2005, January 7\u20139). Impact of transportation electrification on the electricity grid\u2014A review. Proceedings of the SAE Future Transportation Technology Conference, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiasson, J., and Vairamohan, B. (2003, January 4\u20136). Estimating the state of charge of a battery. Proceedings of the 2003 American Control Conference, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2003.1243757"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aiello, L., Kovachev, G., Brunnsteiner, B., Schwab, M., Gstrein, G., Sinz, W., and Llersdorfer, C. (2020). In situ measurement of orthotropic thermal conductivity on commercial pouch lithium-ion batteries with thermoelectric device. Batteries, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries6010010"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1391700","article-title":"Influence of some design variables on the thermal behavior of a lithium-ion cell","volume":"146","author":"Botte","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/23\/8486\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:33:08Z","timestamp":1760146388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/23\/8486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27238486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27238486","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]}}}