{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:59:17Z","timestamp":1782917957397,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Center","award":["UMO-2019\/35\/B\/NZ7\/04394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2019\/35\/B\/NZ7\/04394"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron ions can be used to degrade tetracycline dispersed in nature. Studies of absorption and fluorescence spectra and quantum chemistry calculations showed that iron is more readily released from Fe(III)-citrate than from Fe(III)-EDTA, so Fe(III)-citrate (Fe(III)-Cit) is more suitable for tetracycline (TC) degradation. At 30 \u00b0C, a severe degradation of TC by Fe(III)-Cit occurred as early as after 3 days of incubation in the light, and after 5 days in the dark. In contrast, the degradation of TC by Fe(III)-EDTA proceeded very slowly in the dark. By the fifth day of incubation of TC with Fe(III)-Cit in darkness, the concentrations of the former compound dropped by 55% and 75%, at 20 \u00b0C and 30 \u00b0C, respectively. The decrease in tetracycline concentrations caused by Fe(III)-EDTA in darkness at the same temperatures was only 2% and 6%, respectively. Light increased the degradation rates of TC by Fe(III)-EDTA to 20% and 56% at 20 \u00b0C and 30 \u00b0C, respectively. The key role of the light in the degradation of tetracycline by Fe(III)-EDTA was thus demonstrated. The TC degradation reaction showed a second-order kinetics. The rate constants of Fe(III)-Cit-induced TC degradation at 20 \u00b0C and 30 \u00b0C in darkness were k = 4238 M\u22121day\u22121 and k = 11,330 M\u22121day\u22121, respectively, while for Fe(III)-EDTA were 55 M\u22121day\u22121 and 226 M\u22121day\u22121. In light, these constants were k = 15,440 M\u22121day\u22121 and k = 40,270 M\u22121day\u22121 for Fe(III)-Cit and k = 1012 M\u22121day\u22121 and 2050 M\u22121day\u22121 at 20 \u00b0C and 30 \u00b0C; respectively. A possible reason for the higher TC degradation rate caused by Fe(III)-Cit can be the result of its lower thermodynamical stability compared with Fe(III)-EDTA, which we confirmed with our quantum chemistry calculations. Two quantum chemistry calculations showed that the iron complex with EDTA is more stable (the free energy of the ensemble is 15.8 kcal\/mol lower) than the iron complex with Cit; hence, Fe release from Fe(III)-EDTA is less effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T07:07:31Z","timestamp":1670224051000},"page":"8498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Studies on the Efficiency of Iron Release from Fe(III)-EDTA and Fe(III)-Cit and the Suitability of These Compounds for Tetracycline Degradation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8356-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka I.","family":"Piotrowicz-Cie\u015blak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6138-7486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Maciejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Margas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Rydzy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Grajek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz J.","family":"Michalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2890-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz","family":"Wasilewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-4239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Smyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Antibiotics in the environment: Causes and consequences","volume":"93","author":"Polianciuc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. 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