{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T12:45:05Z","timestamp":1781700305950,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is the 3rd most challenging vector-borne disease after malaria and lymphatic filariasis. Currently, no vaccine candidate is approved or marketed against leishmaniasis due to difficulties in eliciting broad immune responses when using sub-unit vaccines. The aim of this work was the design of a particulate sub-unit vaccine for vaccination against leishmaniasis. The poly (D,L-lactide) nanoparticles (PLA-NPs) were developed in order to efficiently adsorb a recombinant L. major histone H2B (L. major H2B) and to boost its immunogenicity. Firstly, a study was focused on the production of well-formed nanoparticles by the nanoprecipitation method without using a surfactant and on the antigen adsorption process under mild conditions. The set-up preparation method permitted to obtain H2B-adsorbed nanoparticles H2B\/PLA (adsorption capacity of about 2.8% (w\/w)) with a narrow size distribution (287 nm) and a positive zeta potential (30.9 mV). Secondly, an in vitro release assay performed at 37 \u00b0C, pH 7.4, showed a continuous release of the adsorbed H2B for almost 21 days (30%) from day 7. The immune response of H2B\/PLA was investigated and compared to H2B + CpG7909 as a standard adjuvant. The humoral response intensity (IgG) was substantially similar between both formulations. Interestingly, when challenged with the standard parasite strain (GLC94) isolated from a human lesion of cutaneous leishmaniasis, mice showed a significant reduction in footpad swelling compared to unvaccinated ones, and no deaths occurred until week 17th. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PLA-NPs represent a stable, cost-effective delivery system adjuvant for use in vaccination against leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T03:35:53Z","timestamp":1670470553000},"page":"8677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Polylactide Nanoparticles as a Biodegradable Vaccine Adjuvant: A Study on Safety, Protective Immunity and Efficacy against Human Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania Major"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sana","family":"Ayari-Riabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoBioMedika Team, Laboratoire des Biomol\u00e9cules, Venins, et Applications Th\u00e9ranostiques (LBVAT) LR20IPT01, Institut Pasteur Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7573-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noureddine","family":"Ben khalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Department, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Vaccinology and Molecular Genetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3147-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balkiss","family":"Bouhaouala-Zahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoBioMedika Team, Laboratoire des Biomol\u00e9cules, Venins, et Applications Th\u00e9ranostiques (LBVAT) LR20IPT01, Institut Pasteur Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8478-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Verrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Th\u00e9rapeutique, Univ Lyon, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5305, 7 Passage du Vercors, CEDEX 07, 69367 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Trimaille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ing\u00e9nierie des Mat\u00e9riaux Polym\u00e8res, Univ Lyon, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet, UMR 5223, CEDEX, 69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakaria","family":"Benlasfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Unit\u00e9s Animali\u00e8res, Institut Pasteur Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Chenik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Vaccinology and Molecular Genetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elayeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoBioMedika Team, Laboratoire des Biomol\u00e9cules, Venins, et Applications Th\u00e9ranostiques (LBVAT) LR20IPT01, Institut Pasteur Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, January 08). 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